Friday, December 27, 2019
Essay on the Evil in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown
The Evil in Young Goodman Brownnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp; In my interpretation of the story, I will be discussing three main topics: the beginning conversation with Faith, the devilish character, and Brownââ¬â¢s wifeââ¬â¢s meaning in the story.nbsp; Young Goodman Brown is about to take a journey like many others before him, across the threshold separating the young unknowing boys and the elderly sages.nbsp; This, however, will not be without peril, because aging is a testing process defined by trial and error, and the errorsââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ ¦show more contentâ⬠¦nbsp;The old companion that meets him in the forest looks similar to him, as if they were father and son.nbsp; Goodman describes him as a man that would know the world, a man who would not feel uncomfortable at the governorââ¬â¢s dinner-table, or King-Williamââ¬â¢s court.nbsp; His personality is very complex and mysterious.nbsp; Certainly, he is a very good speaker and a good persuader, convincing this Brown whenever he had doubts and steering him towards personal intere sts.nbsp; If all these characteristics are not enough to label him as Satan, then his introduction should suffice.nbsp; In the unknown forest, at the climax of the self-inflicted paranoia about his surroundings, he says, ââ¬Å"What if the Devil himself should be at my very elbow!â⬠nbsp; That is when the character makes his entrance.nbsp; We know that Goodman Brown had aShow MoreRelated Good and Evil in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay788 Words à |à 4 PagesGood and Evil in Young Goodman Brown In Young Goodman Brown. Nathaniel Hawthorne considers the question of good and evil, suggesting that true evil is judging and condemning others for sin without looking at ones own sinfulness. He examines the idea that sin is part of being human and there is no escape from it. Of the many symbols he uses in this story, each has a profound meaning. They represent good and evil in the constant struggle of a young innocent man whose faith is being testedRead MoreGood Vs. Evil in Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay673 Words à |à 3 PagesGood vs. Evil The short story, Young Goodman Brown is a fascinating rendition of the battle between good and evil. The reader must delve into the depths of his/her own beliefs to understand what the symbolism is. Nathaniel Hawthorne writes an entire lesson in life as one big symbol using allegory. The various examples are fruitful and will be presented throughout this essay. First, the main characters name is Goodman Brown. Does this mean something? It seems Nathaniel Hawthorne wishedRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1492 Words à |à 6 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorneââ¬â¢s short story of Young Goodman Brown, the author uses symbolism and allegories in order to showcase the Puritan faith as well as manââ¬â¢s conflict between good and evil. This analysis will breakdown the techniques that the author uses to critique the puritan society, and to show the difference between how people appear to be in society and the true colors that they are hidden inside of them. There has been a lot of great authors in our time, but none more interesting than NathanielRead MoreThe Dichotomy of Self Reliance and Conformity1169 Words à |à 5 Pages This was the Romanticism Period. An incredible number of miraculous masterpieces were contrived during this period of enlightenment, including Nathaniel Hawthorneââ¬â¢s dramatically thematic and ambiguous short story, ââ¬Å"Young Goodman Brownâ⬠, as well as Ralph Waldo Emersonââ¬â¢s intriguingly influential and uplifting essay, ââ¬Å"Self-Relianceâ⬠. Hawthorneââ¬â¢s writing aspires to implicate theories and themes about the reality of the world we live in and to illustrate our individual limitations through the art ofRead MoreFiction Essay - Young Goodman Brown and the Lottery1051 Words à |à 5 PagesFICTION ESSAY WRITING STYLE USED: APA OUTLINE I. THESIS: A thorough analysis of Jacksonââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Lotteryâ⬠and Hawthorneââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Young Goodman Brownâ⬠reveals that different literary elements, such as tone and setting, are used to convey the charactersââ¬â¢ arrival at dark, sinister places. II. INTRODUCTION III. SHIRLEY JACKSONââ¬â¢S ââ¬Å"THE LOTTERYâ⬠A. Setting the tone: Peaceful and relaxing B. Irony: Even though the mood is relaxing, there is a premonition of something bad toRead MoreShort Story Analysis: Young Goodman Brown Essay1115 Words à |à 5 Pagesmore intriguing than Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hawthorneââ¬â¢s ability to weave stories through the use of complex language and early puritan society narratives has long been a topic of study amongst scholars and young adults, alike. ââ¬Å"Young Goodman Brownâ⬠explores the idea of good vs. evil and draws many parallels to the life of Nathaniel Hawthorne. It is often debated whether man is born innately good or evil. In ââ¬Å"Young Goodman Brownâ⬠it is possible to see Hawthorneââ¬â¢s stance on this. However, before delvingRead More Ambiguity in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay1743 Words à |à 7 PagesAmbiguity in ââ¬Å"Young Goodman Brownâ⬠à à à à à à à à à à There is no end to the ambiguity in Nathaniel Hawthorneââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Young Goodman Brownâ⬠; this essay hopes to explore this problem. à Peter Conn in ââ¬Å"Finding a Voice in an New Nationâ⬠makes a statement regarding Hawthorneââ¬â¢s ambiguity:à à Almost all of Hawthorneââ¬â¢s finest stories are remote in time or place. The glare of contemporary reality immobillized his imagination. He required shadows and half-light, and he sought a nervous equilibriumRead More Morality and Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay1146 Words à |à 5 PagesYoung Goodman Brown was published in 1835, when Nathaniel Hawthorne was 31 years old. Hawthorne was born and reared in Salem, Massachusetts, a village still permeated by its 17th century Puritanism. When he was four, Hawthornes fatherà died, and from that point on he was surrounded mostly by females: two sisters, a maiden aunt, and a retiring mother who was not close to her children. He had little contact with his deceased fathers family, but his maternal relatives were supportive and saw toRead MoreThe Moral Complexity Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1681 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Moral Complexity Nathaniel Hawthorneââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Young Goodman Brownâ⬠is about a Christian man, the title character who walks through a dark and dreary forest, witnessing some people in his community he thought were godly walking deeper into the ââ¬Å"path of evil.â⬠He has to make a decision whether to keep walking towards the satanic meeting or go back home. The characters Hawthorne chooses have some relation to either the trials or the Christian way of life. Back in the middle 1900s, the society relied heavilyRead More Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown and History Essay1704 Words à |à 7 Pagesââ¬Å"Young Goodman Brownâ⬠and Historyà à à à à à à à à à à à à à Q. D. Leavis states that ââ¬Å"perhaps the persecuting aspect of their way of life was peculiarly present to Hawthorne because of the witch-hanging judge and the Quaker-whipping Major among his ancestorsâ⬠(30). This is a reference to one instance of historical allusion in Nathaniel Hawthorneââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Young Goodman Brown.â⬠This essay will explore a variety of historical incidences referred to in this short story. à Clarice Swisher in ââ¬Å"Nathaniel
Thursday, December 19, 2019
The Anti Competition Conduct Of Companies - 1267 Words
Competition is critical, and central to market operations. It fosters innovation and spurs both productivity and growth. All of these together contribute to the creation of wealth and reduction of poverty. However, markets are complicated, and may not always work perfectly. While government action or inaction, in the form of inappropriate public policies and inaction on reform agendas is often associated with poor competition in the markets, anti-competitive conduction by firms is also an obvious cause for it. While efficient and fair markets are critical for the development of private sector and creation of economic growth, effective competition does not occur automatically. The anti-competition conduct of firms, which is directed towards monopolizing the market hurt productivity and growth. Producing images, and not things through endless brand promotions while making production processes leaner with fewer people and processes, creates incompetent markets and increases inequitable distribution of economic benefits of growth. This essay looks at the seminal works of Naomi Klein in her No Logo (2015) and John Dicker s United State of Wal-Mart (2005) to explore the ways in which brands become global despots , not only breeding a culture of discontent, but also infiltrating the markets - making them less efficient. Klein, in her insightful piece, suggests that in the modern times, the larger companies no longer produce products, but just source them, re-brand them andShow MoreRelatedThe Australian Competition And Consumer Act974 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) is an administer of the competition and Consumer Act (CCA) which is to prevent collusion among the firms and to prevent the individual firm which break the market equilibrium with their market power. Well competitive market would deliver efficiency costs, faster innovation, prevention of unduly concentrated markets, business freedom, wealth distribution, and enhancement of international competitiveness. Therefore, the ACCC is playing a crucialRead MoreNature Of The Case And The Central Legal Issue1536 Words à |à 7 PagesNature of the case and the Central Legal Issue In September 2008, the Australian Competition Consumer Commission (ACCC) instituted proceedings against Cement Pty Ltd, Pozzolanic Enterprises Pty Ltd and two other companies (Respondents via subsidiaries including Pozzolanic) in the Federal Court of Australia in Brisbane. The ACCC alleged that four exclusive contracts related to the Respondents entering into contracts to acquire ââ¬Ëflyashââ¬â¢ from four power stations in South East Queensland, between 2001Read MoreCase Study Economics- Microsoft and Monopoly808 Words à |à 4 Pagesalternative platform to which applications can be written. This posed a threat to Windows monopoly and perhaps its long-term existence. Initially Microsoft had tried to subdue competition by asking for explicit market sharing agreements with competitors (such as Netscape). A failure to do so, allegedly, led Microsoft to adopt anti-competitive strategies. This led to a set of consolidated civil actions against Microsoft in 1994 by the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) and twenty U.S. states. DoJRead More Anti-monopoly laws in Turkey, Greece, and Italy,and Their Enforcement1556 Words à |à 7 PagesAnti-monopoly laws in Turkey, Greece, and Italy,and Their Enforcement A free market economy allows a nation to have open and equal (to an extent) competition while utilizing the resources available in the most effective manner. However, it is not perfect and can lead to some problems such as someone controlling the whole market or, in other words, having a monopoly or monopoly power. Also, there could be cartels, which are when companies will make agreements that ?abandon competition betweenRead MoreEssay about The Structure of Australiaââ¬â¢s Banking Industry1252 Words à |à 6 Pagesbanking industry is similar to that of an oligopoly, which poses the threat of minimising competition. The structure, performance and conduct of banks are important as they ensure that they act competitively, however in Australia the market is dominated by four major banks threatening competition. The structure in the Australian banking industry is fairly oligopolistic, decreasing the amount of competition evident in the market. Performance of the dominating ban ks has shown an increase in the profitabilityRead MoreEssay on Healthcare Anti-Trust1171 Words à |à 5 Pagesï » ¿Anti-trust laws in the United States have been effectively used to prevent monopolies in industries like telecommunications, oil and gas and computer software. Anti-trust laws are enforced in order to maintain free competition in the marketplace, which generates lower prices and incentivizes the development of high quality products. Today, hospital systems are experiencing an era of heavy consolidation, which include mergers and acquisitions and physician practice buy-outs. According to the WallRead MoreMicrosoft Antitrust Case1007 Words à |à 5 PagesStudent: Stephen Votta Class: Business and Society Course time: Online Professor: Dr. Chemene Crawford Date due: 06/03/2006 The Anti-Trust Case against Microsoft Microsoft was founded in 1975 by founder Bill Gates, a former Harvard drop out (Lawrence, 455). The business grew and controlled 90% of the market for operating systems, with revenues of over nineteen billion dollars per year (Lawrence, 455). In the nineteen nineties, the Internet generation was starting to explode andRead MoreCompetition Law, the Dominant Position Essay1273 Words à |à 6 Pagesconcerns on aspects of the European Union competition law and how it pursue anticompetitive practices. Article 102 TFEI which deals with situation of abuse of a dominant position in European Union competition law. The main objective of the competition law is to enhance efficiency for example maximise consumer welfare and allocation of resources; protect consumers and smaller firms; and facilitate creation of Single European Market. Article 102 also has pursued anti-competitive through restrict any abuseRead MoreCoca Col The World s Largest Beverage Company884 Words à |à 4 PagesThe key facts are that ââ¬Å"Coca-Cola Company is the worldââ¬â¢s largest beverage company and markets four of the worldââ¬â¢s top five soft drinks brands namely Coke, Diet Coke, Fanta, and Spriteâ⬠(Ferrell, et al, 2013, p. 309). Over the years Coca-Cola has remained ahead of Pepsi, its main competitor. In 2006 however, Pepsi moved ahead of Coca-Cola by focusing on snack food and innovative strategies in the non-cola beverage market (Ferrell, et al, 2013, p. 309). The reputation of Coca-Cola has not only beenRead MoreThe Unethical Business in the Telecommunication Industry1201 Words à |à 5 Pagesbehaviours. The essay will also Analysis of each company and provides recommendations for investors. Introduction This report will look at: â⬠¢ The unethical behaviour about WorldCom accounting scandal â⬠¢ The Monopolistic competition about china telecom â⬠¢ The overcharging behaviour of ATT â⬠¢ Recommendations for telecommunication industry â⬠¢ Conclusion Findings WorldCom WorldCom, The Americaââ¬â¢s second-biggest long distance phone company. From 1999 to 2002, an internal audit had reported
Wednesday, December 11, 2019
High Profile Security Attacks Case Study of Kmart
Question: Describe about the High Profile Security Attacks for the Case Study of Kmart. Answer: Assessment of the Cyber Attack In Australia the Kmart is one of the biggest retailers having the revenue of 4.6 billion AUD in the year 2015. Last year the company confirmed that there is a security breach in their customer database. This caused the exposure of the different sensitive information about the consumers of this company (Brookes 2015). The informations like the consumers name, their physical address, mailing address, billing address and the history of their purchases in the past. According to the Kmart officials, consumer who has purchased items from the Kmart Australia are affected by the security breach (Tajpour Ibrahim and Zamani 2013). The organization proactively notified the OAIC (Office of the Australian Information Commissioner). Furthermore the company engaged a group of IT forensic engineers to find the different loopholes that are responsible for the breach (Paczkowski et al. 2015). As the Kmart Australia is only source of information about the attack but the details of the information is not validated by the publically available information. In Australia the retailers are frequently targeted for this type of data theft or security breach attacks (Wright and De Hert 2012). The main objectives behind these kinds of attacks, is to get the different financial informations of the consumers. The financial informations includes the credit card numbers, passwords of the theses cards, details about the consumers bank account etc. Figure1: Logo of Kmart (Source: Kmart.com.au) The security threats to the information system of an organization can be defined by the entities, persons or the objects that can be a danger to the organizational assets (Von Solms and Van Niekerk 2013). These threats can be acts of espionage by the competitive organizations, human error or failure, deliberate act of theft or software attacks etc (Tajpour Ibrahim and Zamani 2013). In addition to that there are some other unintentional flaws like the lack of training for the staffs, addition of the unauthorized security devices, and lack of the proper reporting hierarchy in the organization acts as the catalyst in the security breach (Lee et al. 2013). Following are the possible way of maintaining Security Breach at Kmart Use of Botnet The Botnets can be defined as the network of bots that are created to automatically spread malware in a computer network so that they can exploit the workstations of a organizations and get the organizational and its consumer informations. Fast flux- The Fast flux is a DNS technique that is used by the Botnets to hide the delivery site of the Phising and malwares. This is done by the covering the sites under the ever-changing network of systems (Von Solms and Van Niekerk 2013). These networks are actually network of the compromised hosts which are acting as the proxies in the whole process. Use of the Skimmers These are devices that are used in fraudulent activities. These devices are used to steal the credit card details. In this technique the informations of the credit cards are stolen at the time of swiping the card in the device (Hutchings and Holt 2014). Use of key logging softwares Most of the key loggers are malwares. The Trojan horse may contain keylogger as the functionality of this virus. This malwares are used to get the credit card numbers, passwords and other sensitive informations. In the case of Kmart Australia the malware infected the point of sales system. Using this malicious softwares, the attackers try to get the customers credit card and debit card informations (Irwin and Choo 2013). According to the officials of Kmart, only the track 2 details of the credit and debit cards are stolen. Incident Strategy According to Von Solms and Van Niekerk (2013), security is a process and not a product. Therefore the process needs to be modified according to the needs or requirements of the organization. At the same time it is also important that while implementing security methodologies, the availability of the business must not be affected (Herath et al. 2014). Thus the balance between the protection from the fraudulent activities and the availability of the business to the customers must be maintained. Technical aspects of the incident strategy of Kmart Protection from malware The Company decided to establish and maintain malware defense methods to detect and respond to the known as well as unknown malware attacks. Code patch management This method is used to patch known vulnerabilities with the latest version of the software. This patch helps the organization to prevent the attacks which exploits software bugs (Tajpour Ibrahim and Zamani 2013). Secure Configuration of the Different Devices It is done to restrict the functionality of each and every device used in the stores or by the employees. Encryption Encryption is used by the individuals and organizations to keep data secret. By using the encryption technique, the organization can convert the intended message into a form that needs to be decrypted to get the actual information (Hutchings and Holt 2014). This encrypted data is called the cipher text. Governance aspects of the incident strategy of Kmart Execution control The Kmart asked its employees to control the execution of any unknown program on their workstations. It is used to prevent unknown software (malwares) from being able to run or install itself into the workstations (Wright and De Hert 2012). This kind of programs includes the AutoRun on USB and CD drives. Secure content management and data finger printing This mitigation technique includes the use of the secure content management system. In this method for a given document a set of hashes are created depending upon the data at rest (Chen and Zhao 2012). Utilizing this technique the original document is converted in to a collection of hashes. Figure 2: Encryption of data (Source: Chen and Zhao 2012, pp-552) Policy and Human aspects of the incident strategy of Kmart Authenticate the identity of the users It is important for the organizations to verify the individuals identity on the network. Also it is to be ensured that, the right level of access privileges and restrictions are enforced on the database to protect the organizational and consumer data from the intruders. Providing training to the employees In order to overcome this type of threats the company realizes that it is important to train the employees so that they can make themselves secure while working online (Tajpour Ibrahim and Zamani 2013). They are advised to not to click links or pop-ups, open attachments or respond to email from strangers or unknown sources. Effectiveness of the incident strategy In order to avoid the future cyber attacks the Kmart should think about implementing the following security measures, Use of URLs: The employees of Kmart must be advised to use URLs instead of links. Moreover, they should not to respond to online requests or mails asking for Personally Identifiable Information. Stateful inspection: The Company should think about using the stateful inspection of the data packets at the network firewall that are arriving and leaving the network. The stateful inspection is about inspection of some significant attributes like the IP addresses of the work stations, ports used in the connection and the sequence number of the data packets. Summary As the new technologies are emerging, the organizations tend to use those in their different business processes. As an example the organizations are using the VoIP, instant messaging for communication purpose inside and outside the organization. With this use of new technologies the probability of the security risks are also increasing day by day. There is much vulnerability in these technologies that can exploited by the hackers and the sensitive data can be affected. The organization needs to understand the importance of the data both what it is and what it is worth to the business. Therefore to get the maximum benefit from the consumer data and to make the consumers feel safe the Kmart should take initiatives like appointing some cyber security experts to detect the loopholes in the existing system. These experts can also help in creating new methods that can improve the security of the organizational data. References Brookes, C., 2015. Cyber Security: Time for an integrated whole-of-nation approach in Australia.Indo-Pacific Strategic Papers. Chen, D. and Zhao, H., 2012, March. Data security and privacy protection issues in cloud computing. InComputer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE), 2012 International Conference on(Vol. 1, pp. 647-651). IEEE. Ghosh, A., Gajar, P.K. and Rai, S., 2013. Bring your own device (BYOD): Security risks and mitigating strategies.Journal of Global Research in Computer Science,4(4), pp.62-70. Herath, T., Chen, R., Wang, J., Banjara, K., Wilbur, J. and Rao, H.R., 2014. Security services as coping mechanisms: an investigation into user intention to adopt an email authentication service.Information systems journal,24(1), pp.61-84. Hutchings, A. and Holt, T.J., 2014. A crime script analysis of the online stolen data market.British Journal of Criminology, p.azu106. Irwin, A. and Choo, K.K.R., 2013. The Future of Technology in Customer Identification Relationship Risk.Thomson Reuters Accelus, pp.1-13. Kearns, G.S., 2016. Countering Mobile Device Threats: A Mobile Device Security Model.Journal of Forensic Investigative Accounting,8(1). Lee, S.B., Wong, S.H.Y., Lee, K.W. and Lu, S., 2013. Content management in a mobile ad hoc network: beyond opportunistic strategy.International Journal of Communication Networks and Distributed Systems,10(2), pp.123-145. Paczkowski, L.W., Parsel, W.M., Persson, C.J. and Schlesener, M.C., Sprint Communications Company LP, 2015.Trusted Security Zone Containers for the Protection and Confidentiality of Trusted Service Manager Data. U.S. Patent 9,049,013. Tajpour, A., Ibrahim, S. and Zamani, M., 2013. Identity Theft Methods and Fraud Types.IJIPM: International Journal of Information Processing and Management. Von Solms, R. and Van Niekerk, J., 2013. From information security to cyber security.computers security,38, pp.97-102. Wright, D. and De Hert, P., 2012. Introduction to privacy impact assessment. InPrivacy Impact Assessment(pp. 3-32). Springer Netherlands.
Tuesday, December 3, 2019
The May Fourth Movement Essays - Republic Of China, Chiang Kai-shek
The May Fourth Movement After World War I The Chinese felt betrayed. Anger and frustration erupted in demonstrations on May 4, 1919, in Beijing. Joined by workers and merchants, the movement spread to major cities. The Chinese representative at Versailles refused to endorse the peace treaty, but its provisions remained unchanged. Disillusioned with the West, many Chinese looked elsewhere for help. The May Fourth Movement, which grew out of the student uprising, attacked Confucianism, initiated a vernacular style of writing, and promoted science. Scholars of international stature, such as John Dewey and Bertrand Russell, were invited to lecture. Numerous magazines were published to stimulate new thoughts. Toward the end of the movement's existence, a split occurred among its leaders. Some, like Ch'en Tu-hsiu and Li Ta-chao, were beginning to be influenced by the success of the Russian Revolution of 1917, which contrasted sharply with the failure of the 1911 Revolution in China to change the social order and improve conditions. By 1920, people associated with the Comintern (Communist International) were disseminating literature in China and helping to start Communist groups, including one led by Mao Zedong. A meeting at Shanghai in 1921 was actually the first party congress of the Communist Party of China (CCP). The CCP was so small that the Soviet Union looked elsewhere for a viable political ally. A Comintern agent, Adolph Joffe, was sent to China to approach Sun Yat-sen, who had failed to obtain assistance from Great Britain or the United States. The period of Sino-Soviet collaboration began with the Sun-Joffe Declaration of Jan. 26, 1923. The KMT was recognized by the Soviet Union, and the Communists were admitted as members. With Soviet aid, the KMT army was built up. A young officer, Chiang Kai-shek, was sent to Moscow for training. Upon returning, he was put in charge of the Whampoa Military Academy, established to train soldiers to fight the warlords, who controlled much of China S(See Chiang Kai-shek). Zhou Enlai (also Chou En-lai) of the CCP was deputy director of the academy's political department. Sun Yat-sen, whose power base was in the south, had planned to send an expedition against the northern warlords, but he died before it could get under way. Chiang Kai-shek, who succeeded him in the KMT leadership, began the northern expedition in July 1926. The Nationalist army met little resistance and by April 1927 had reached the lower Yangtze. Meanwhile, Chiang, claiming to be a sincere follower of Sun Yat-sen, had broken with the left-wing elements of the KMT. After the Nationalist forces had taken Shanghai, a Communist-led general strike was suppressed with bloodshed. Following suppressions in other cities, Chiang set up his own government at Nanjing on April 18, 1927. He professed friendship with the Soviet Union, but by July 1927 he was expelling Communists from the KMT. Some left-wingers left for the Soviet Union. The northern expedition was resumed, and in 1928 Chiang took Peking. China was formally unified. Nationalist China was recognized by the Western powers and supported by loans from foreign banks.
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