Understanding Hypnosis Essay -- Hypnotherapy

I feel it useful to provide a rendering of hypnotherapy as well as hypnosis before moving on and answering this question of this essay. Linnenkamp Doyle writes, hypnotherapy is the use of hypnosis to treat disease something that she documents in her case study. This medical intellect of hypnosis needs further exploration in terms of how it has evolved and sparked debate amongst medical and dental practitioners. Four very significant hypnotherapists are arguably Mesmer, Braid, Esdaile and Elliotson, all pose emphasis on the medical aspect of hypnotherapy. Mesmer, for example, devoted his 1779 27 Propositions concerning animal magnetism.Closer to modern day, in his book Hypnotherapy, Dave Elman not only concentrates on peace (a topic which is relevant in this essay), but also puts forward the fundamental medical idea of hypnosis, specifically concentrating on factors such as the use of anesthesia in subjects of hypnosis before they have dental or medical procedures. This medical a nd dental use of hypnosis, which provides the transition from hypnosis to hypnotherapy, also introduced the related problem of people incorrectly claiming to have special skills in this area. For Instance, D Zimmerman, chairman of the council for medical and dental hypnosis, wrote to the British Medical Journal in 1968, expressing concerns that hypnotherapeutic charlatans had been invading and jeopardizing medical and dental procedures. Zimmerman writes that it has been brought to the take down of this Society that courses in hypnotherapy are being offered to medical and dental practitioners by persons who hold no recognized professional qualifications. Zimmerman adds to this a request for the validation of the authoritative society for medical and d... ...s identified, analyzed, and made me understand the various definitions of hypnosis. It has also demonstrated the psychological and physiological effects to the role of relaxation.Works CitedHypnotherapy A Handbook Michael visu al modality and Windy Dryden (Milton Keynes Open University Press)Hypnotherapy Dave Elman (New York Westwood Publishing, 1983)Hidden Depths The Story of HypnosisRobin Waterfield (New York Brunner-Routledge, 2003)The British Medical Journal, Hypnotherapy D Zimmerman (Vol. 3, No. 5616 (Aug. 24, 1968), p. 501)Hypnotherapy A Practical Handbook Helmut Karle and Jennifer Boys, (New York Free Association Books, 1987)http// sack.archive.org/web/20040710162753/http//www.unbf.ca/psychology/likely/readings/mesmer.htmFranz Mesner (27 Propositions, 1779) http//www.brainandhealth.com/Brain-Waves.html

Differences between the New England and Chesapeake Colonies Essay examp

The English Settlement in the New World was largely the result of the Age of Exploration. The English started emigrated to the New World slightly the early 1600s they settles in regions including the New England and the Chesapeake region and by the 18th century these two regions had developed their own society. These two regions had developed different political, economic and affectionate system in their regions. The political differences were due to who governs the colony. The economic differences were due to the motives of the settlement. The social differences were due to the people who settled there, while the New England emigrated as a family, the Chesapeake emigrated with loosely male.The political difference between the New England and Chesapeake region was that New England government associate more with spiritual matter than the Chesapeake government. The New England regions included the Massachusetts bay Colony, the Plymouth colony, the New Hampshire colony, Maine colon y, Connecticut colony, and Rhode Island colony. Massachusetts colony for example was governed as a theocracy government. As the first governor of Massachusetts colony once stated in A Model of Christian Charity (Written on board the Arbella on the Atlantic Ocean, 1630),we shall be as a city upon a hill a holy commonwealth that could be served as an example community to the rest of the world. The Massachusetts Bay colony placed great importance on religious matters. Only the church member were allowed to vote or held office position. Those who held office position would enforce the law requiring attendance at services. Jamestown, Maryland and the Carolinas were some colonies in the Chesapeake regions. The governments in these regions were less concerned about... ...ere more concerned about the commonwealth of the people due to their strong sense of community. Chesapeake government placed a stinging rule to ensure the survival of the settlers like the colony of Jamestown. New Englan d had a diverse product due to poor soil and cold weather. They engaged in small scale agriculture, fishing, trading and shipbuilding. The Chesapeake regions had a warmer climate therefore it was more suitable to farm. The economic products that the Chesapeake region produced were tobacco and rice. The New England colonies were more of a community than the Chesapeake colonies. One of the reasons was that the settlers New England emigrated as a family and the Chesapeake emigrants were broadly speaking males with the ambition to find gold and to own a large plantation this resulted in mostly male population without female to enforce a sense of a real community.

War PropagandaPast, Present and Future Essay -- Essays Paspers

War PropagandaPast, Present and FuturePart 1 An In-depth Look at War PropagandaPropaganda consists of the planned use of any form of public of mass-produced communication designed to affect the minds and emotions of a given group for a specific purpose, whether military, economic, or political.-Linebarger, Paul Myron AnthonyIn every aspect of life, on that point tends to be a desire to have others see things the way we see them. In theory, if we all(prenominal) share the same views and opinions, we can unite for common goals. Propaganda consists of a communicators objective to impose or manipulate a person, or group of batch into adopting his ideals. maybe the most common place that Propaganda is used is during times of war. Given the choice, most people would most likely not express a love for war. some(a) are passionately against it, others, though not in love with the idea, support it when its necessary. Due to the raw nature of war and peoples reactions to it, there seems to be some force working to mask the negative feelings towards war and unite people in support of it. With regard to war, the purpose of propaganda is to make a particular group of people forget that another(prenominal) group is human. By focusing on a few, simple target ideas that reinforce the notion that another group of people are harmful and inhumane, propaganda is able to unite people in an unrealistic mindset. Understandably, however, governments have a priority to nurture the morale of its people and the armed forces that represent it by intimidating the enemy with the force of natural will. The question of whether or not we choose to accept this harsh reality frame ambiguous, as there will always be two sides to the argument. So as it stands, it is... ...11.Starick, Paul. Iraq War Propaganda War of Words- the Battle for Hearts and Minds. The Advertiser. March 29, 2003. 12.http//www.disinfopedia.org Propaganda Versus Democracy13.www.globalissues.org Shah, Anup. War, Propaganda and the Media. wonderful 2004.14.www.independent.org Horten, Gerd. Radio Goes to War The Politics of Propaganda World War II.15.www.medialens.org Miller, David. Eliminating Truth The Development of War Propaganda16.www.onlinejournal.com17.www.propagandacritic.com18.www.socialistworker.org Pro-war Propaganda Machine. March 2003.19.www.stentorian.com/propagan.html Levinson, William A. An Introduction to Propaganda. 1999.20.www.truthout.org Morgan, David. Critic Accuses Media of Aiding US War Propaganda. May 2, 2003.21.www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk

Frosts Life as a Poet Essay -- essays research papers fc

Robert Frosts Life as a PoetRobert Lee Frost was born in San Francisco, California on March 26 of 1974 and died in Boston, Massachusetts on January 29 of 1963. Though he did not truly start publishing poems until age thirty-nine, Frost obtained 4 Pulitzer prizes in his writing career and was deemed one of the greatest twentieth century poets. His pastoral writing and skilled use of meter and rhythm has captured the attention of lecturers and critics for decades (Academic American, 345). Frost was truly fond of nature and the beauty of things around him and illustrated this in many of his poems. A reviewer stated that Frost was always work with the complicated task of simply being sincere (Faggen, I). This statement describes the writer well in the sense that Frosts works are very full of emotion. His use of the English language and the fact that he often seemed to be holding a little something back in his writing has do him one of the most celebrated American writers ever. Fros ts early years in life were very adverse. Frosts father, who named the boy by and by his idle Robert E. Lee, met his wife in Pennsylvania while they were both teaching at Bucknell Academy. William Prescott Frost Jr. and his wife Isabelle Moodie married and moved to San Francisco w here(predicate) Robert was born. William Frost was a Harvard graduate and was the city editor for the San Francisco Daily Evening Post. Frosts family moved a good amount and his father, who had serious drinking problems, died of tuberculosis in 1885 and left his mother and younger sister with very little money after burial expenses. The Frosts returned east to live with the paternal grandparents, only soon moved to Amherst, New Hampshire to stay with his great-aunt. Shortly after this the family returned to Lawrence, Mass. where Robert was placed in school as a third grader. Frost graduated here as co-valedictorian with Elinor White. Though he was moved often and had troubles with his father in his young life, Frost still maintained good grades and two years in the first place he graduated Frost had La Noche Triste printed in the high school bulletin. This was his first printed poem. Two years later Frost graduated and read a speech titled A Monument to After-Thought Unveiled (Faggen, xi). This marked the end of Frosts childhood and the beginning of his adulthood and the many decisions that came with it.After high... ...een a favorite of poetic intellects and every day readers for decades. His triumphs and defeats are immortalized in his writings and his great accomplishment will be seen in them for as long as his poems endure.Works CitedArp, Thomas and Greg Johnson. Literature. New York Perrines Literature, 2002.Braithwaite, William Stanley. A Visit in Fanconia. The Boston Post . 14 Feb. 1916. 25 March 2003 .Brunner, Edward and Nelson Cary. On Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening.Online posting. 2000. Jeffery Meyers, Karen L. Kilcup. 26 March 2003 .Faggen, Robert. The Cambridge Companion to Robert Frost. United Kingdom Cambridge University Press, 2001.Jost, Walter. Lessons in the Conversation That We Are Robert Frosts Death of the chartered Man. College English. 58.4 (1996) 399.Pritchard, William H. Frost A Literary Life Reconsidered. New York Oxford University Press, 1984.Robert Frost The Acedameic American Encyclopedia. 14th ed. 1994.Sergeant, Elizabeth. Robert Frost The Trial by Existence. New York Holt, Rinehart and Wagner, Linda W. Robert Frost The Critical Reception. stat mi Burt Franklin &Co., Inc., 1977. Winston, 1960.

A Cleaner Future: A Comprehensive Pollution Prevention and Reduction Pr

A Cleaner Future A Comprehensive Pollution Prevention and Reduction ProgramIntroductionPollution is a major(ip) problem globally and it becomes greater as the human population continues to rise exponentially. One of the major problems with increased population is higher expend production, which creates increased air, soil, and irrigate pollution. To resolve this problem waste reduction must be of primary importance in preventing and reducing pollution. Waste management can be an overpriced undertaking if not managed correctly so sustainable practices must be addressed. While pollution prevention and reduction programs can be expensive if not managed correctly, waste reduction is essential for the reduction and prevention of pollution. Recycling, Water preservation, municipal solid waste management, and population stability are the essentials to a cleaner tomorrow.Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a significant problem globally. The biggest obstacle in waste reduction is public involv ement. Society specifically in-developed countries produce significant waste through over utilisation. To address this problem it will take significant public participation. Careful considerations and planning must go into confronting the issue of MSW with the public. According to OConnell (2011) Waste and consumption practices are multi-dimensional and the methods for engaging the public in reducing MSW must incorporate feelings, practical considerations, and education. It is evident that for significant municipal solid waste reduction to make it education and public feelings must be addressed. Without public participation MSW reduction cannot occur. The pollution prevention and reduction program will take aim at educating the public of the significance ... ...& Industry. (Document ID 1552023631).Jiboye, A. (2011). Sustainable Urbanization Issues and Challenges for Effective Urban Governance in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development, 4(6), 211-224. Retrieved January 23, 201 2, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID 2535474281).OConnell, E.. (2011). Increasing Public Participation in Municipal Solid Waste Reduction. The Geographical Bulletin, 52(2), 105-118. Retrieved January 8, 2012, from Research Library. (Document ID 2517583571).Miller, G. T., Jr., & Spoolman, S. E. (2012). Living in the environment Concepts, connections, and solutions (17th ed.). Belmont, CA Cengage LearningWang, H.. (2010). A Sustainable Decision-Making Model for Materials Recovery Facilities Problems in Waste Management. Competition Forum, 8(2), 248-253. Retrieved January 9, 2012, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID 2174555611).

A Cleaner Future: A Comprehensive Pollution Prevention and Reduction Pr

A Cleaner Future A Comprehensive Pollution Prevention and Reduction ProgramIntroductionPollution is a major problem globally and it becomes greater as the human population continues to rise exponentially. One of the major problems with increase population is higher waste production, which creates increased air, soil, and water pollution. To resolve this problem waste lessening must be of primary importance in preventing and reducing pollution. gasconade management can be an high-priced undertaking if not managed correctly so sustainable practices must be addressed. While pollution prevention and reduction programs can be expensive if not managed correctly, waste reduction is essential for the reduction and prevention of pollution. Recycling, Water preservation, Municipal solid waste management, and population stability are the essentials to a scrubbed tomorrow.Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a evidential problem globally. The biggest obstacle in waste reduction is public involvem ent. Society specifically in-developed countries produce significant waste through overconsumption. To address this problem it will take significant public participation. Careful considerations and planning must go into confronting the issue of MSW with the public. According to OConnell (2011) Waste and consumption practices are multi-dimensional and the methods for engaging the public in reducing MSW must incorporate feelings, practical considerations, and education. It is evident that for significant municipal solid waste reduction to occur education and public feelings must be addressed. Without public participation MSW reduction cannot occur. The pollution prevention and reduction program will take arrive at educating the public of the significance ... ...& Industry. (Document ID 1552023631).Jiboye, A. (2011). Sustainable Urbanization Issues and Challenges for Effective Urban Governance in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development, 4(6), 211-224. Retrieved January 23, 2012, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID 2535474281).OConnell, E.. (2011). Increasing Public affaire in Municipal Solid Waste Reduction. The Geographical Bulletin, 52(2), 105-118. Retrieved January 8, 2012, from Research Library. (Document ID 2517583571).Miller, G. T., Jr., & Spoolman, S. E. (2012). Living in the environment Concepts, connections, and solutions (17th ed.). Belmont, CA Cengage LearningWang, H.. (2010). A Sustainable Decision-Making Model for Materials convalescence Facilities Problems in Waste Management. Competition Forum, 8(2), 248-253. Retrieved January 9, 2012, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID 2174555611).

The Union Reconstructed

1. Explain how black-markets responded to their former masters after the civil War had ended.After the Civil War had ended, blacks responded to their former masters in two different ways. They would either return to their former masters for work and every time they would leave the course of studytation they would go farther claiming they didnt want to stay on the plantation forever. This caused them to continue to have communication with their former masters and never completely became independent. The reciprocal ohm response was they would chose to sour entirely independent to their masters. They would seek work in the city and began their new free lives. Often times they all struggled but they were immediately free.2. Compare the economic conditions of the southwestern with the economic conditions of the North during the period of reconstruction.The economic conditions of the South compared to the North during the period of Reconstruction varied quite heavily. The South wa s express mail in many ways after the war and had little to expand and prosper where as the North had everything from political power to trade. They made it so the South could not have much political power which in turn affected them economically. These limitations came from the fear of a repeated war due to the fact that in that location was still much conflict occurring within the country because of matters of freed slaves and other things.3. Discuss how gray whites reacted to the emancipation of blacks during the period of Reconstruction.After the emancipation of blacks during the period of Reconstruction, southern whites had responses of both(prenominal) fear and anger. They could not imagine their world without slaves in bondage, often they felt it a hassle doing chores they normally didnt do. This lead to the feelings of anger, due to their dependency on the slave labor they were now confused and society needed to adapt in order to function once again. In some cases though the slaves had become a part of the home and the white people would miss them as a family member, often times distraught. Aside from these things, a majority of whites began to be cowardly of legal intermarriage, dreading the fact that the pure white race would be destroyed.4. Discuss chairperson Johnsons plan for reconstruction and Congresss response to that plan.President Johnsons plan for reconstruction was simply to pardon and restore all the rights of property to any former Confederate who swore allegiance to the Constitution and the Union. With this he believed he had successfully reconstructed the south and did not do much much. With this they looked to ratify the thirteenth amendment to abolish slavery. With this plan all southern states completed the Reconstruction plan and then sent representatives to the Congress that occurred in December 1865. Congress refused to seat these new senators and a large controversy out broke.5. Describe the general emplacement of the Uni on soldiers stationed in the South during Reconstruction toward blacks. Support your answer by citing specific incidents that occurred during that period.The attitude of the Union soldiers stationed in the South during Reconstruction towards the blacks was quite in different. They just worked to keep them in control and try to transition them from slavery to freedom. In many cases they would treat them as inferior but as intimately never got as bad as their former masters. They were just making attempts to help the society function. Whether they were successful is a different story. But they tried and at last had the communities put together like a white community.6. Discuss Congresss plan for reconstruction and explain what Congress hoped to achieve as a result of that plan.Congresss plan for reconstruction mainly revolved around completely freeing the black communities. They created the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to protect the black community and restricted the power o f the executive branch. They were making decision that would benefit them in the long run. They would gain the black vote and be cap subject of gaining more power. So they limited the power of the former Confederates and attempted to have everything in their favor.7. Discuss the economic conditions of poor blacks and poor whites during the period of Reconstruction.The economic conditions of poor blacks as well as whites differed. They both struggled financially due to crop shortages and other such things. However the blacks also were being aided by the Bureau of Freedom. They northerly financed organization was created in order to help newly freed blacks to get on their feet. They helped them financially and helped with education. However they also in a sense forced blacks to postulate low paying jobs when they didnt want to. Even with this though they helped to get the blacks going in society.8. Was the Republican administration that controlled the southern state governments durin g the period of Reconstruction a success or exposeure?The Republican administration that controlled the southern state governments during the period of Reconstruction was more of a success than it was a failure. They were able to stabilize the south in this time. They eliminated undemocratic features from prewar state constitutions as well as provided a universal male suffrage. They even loosened the requirements for attribute office. They reconstructed the South financially and physically by overhauling tax systems and approving generous railroad and other capital investment bonds. With these accomplishments as well they imbed up a public school system in the south and stabilized it quite well.9. Discuss the methods by which conservative white Democrats regained control of the southern state governments at the end of Reconstruction.The methods by which conservative white Democrats regained control of the southern state governments were very passive. They came in when the Republi can Party had already begun to fail and economic problems began to surface. The Democrats began to discuss the new Grant scandals, unemployment and public works projects. To add to that they also discussed the currency and tariffs in order to show important issues. Discussion of these matters showed an fill in the country whether it was there or not and allowed the Democrats to win the popular vote.

Allegory of Human Nature in Lord of the Flies Essay

Oxford University Press Dictionaries defines an allegory as a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hugger-mugger meaning, typically a moral or political one Many people read in William Goldings Lord of The Flies as an allegory. on that points no question that it can be looked at as a symbolic story, however, the question is what Lord of the Flies is an allegory of? One behavior this novel can be looked at is as an allegory of human nature.In other words, this story can be seen as symbolism of how gentlemans gentleman behave and show their true colors when placed into a survival situation. Various characters in Lord of the Flies could be thought to symbolize contrary qualities of human nature. Ralph, Piggy, and Jack are three extremely influential characters and all three of them represent both sides of human nature good versus evil. Ralph symbolizes the good in humanity in Lord of the Flies. The name Ralph derives from the Anglo-Saxon language and means co uncil. As commander of the conch, Ralph was voted chief of the boys on the island and from this point, his name became affiliated with council and government. Throughout the story, Ralph never gave up on his views and priorities, them being to get off the island. Ralph also, in terms of Lord of the Flies, symbolized civilization and order. He established order and civilization on the island at the first meeting by creating a main goal, priorities, and gave out positions such as the hunters and his right hand man, Piggy.Ralph was the only outlet of hope towards the end of the take and he was able to follow through and survive without falling into the savage state like the others. In this novel, Piggy symbolizes intelligence and logic. From the beginning, by finding the conch and recognizing its importance, he has always been the voice of intelligence and insight. One may say that piggy may be more logical and objective and therefore describe him as being left-brained.He uses his log ic at many points throughout the book in such times as when he wanted to take attention or when make the sundial. Piggy has good intentions for his ideas, however, because of his lack of confidence and his physical appearance, he is shot down by most of the other boys. He is a great example of symbolism for human nature in Lord of the Flies because for one, he and Ralph both make up a nearly perfective tense leader with intelligence, leadership, logic, and insight. Also, it is important to connect that insight, being Piggy, was shot down and made savage by the hunters.

Safe Driving

Everything happening oh so fast from getting in the car to seeing the black climb up ram through our car. With the thought of im dead then everything going pitch black, everything beted meaningless. Accidents factor in more than just impaired driving and icy roads. The drivers build along with their responsibilities is the reason Peggy will never walk again.Drivers need to stay sharp and aw atomic number 18 on the road, and judging from the stratum ken did not seem to follow this. Even if you pay full attention, the danger of others is always on the road. As careful as you are other drivers mistakes are inevitable. In the story it says he rolled up his sleeves, even though it isnt much its still a sign of him compromising Peggys safety. Even if you take every last(predicate) precautions and stay aware of the road you cant always keep track of the always changing road conditions.Safety is key for driving, exactly there are many complications on the road. Its not always the road that complicates your safety in the story it refers to Peggy wanting to visit the liquor store. Impaired driving injures someone ever other minute with 16,000 deaths a year. Alcohol couldve been a factor of why ken crashed, or it couldve been a health issue. Peggy speculated he had a nip or something at the wheel. Another safety violation occurred in the story says he has only hand on the wheel. Again, its not much but it couldve aided to the accident.Even if the accident wasnt within kens control, he is still responsible for it. Drivers are responsible for just about everything that happens to it and in the car. Ken took the wheel as long with Peggys mobility. Other people on the road are highly unpredictable, but that doesnt change the fact your responsible for your own.In the end, it truly is Kens pick for paralyzing Peggy. Many things factor into an accident but I think the main reason were his awareness for the road and lack of safe driving. It may have been Peggys choice to get in the car but its clearly Kens fault for the crash. I feel people take driving tolightly, its one of the most parlous methods of travel. People need to be more cautious.

Critical thinking Essay

1. State the four logically possible ways in which evidentialism could go about justifying its beliefs? briefly tax each of the options. 20 Evidentialism holds four logical possibilities in an attempt to justify their beliefs. There is historical evidence, negative apologetics, minimal evidence, and the Holy Spirit. The first step is historic Evidence. Evidentialists tend to resort to historical evidence as a very important regularity (i. e. the resurrection). The indicate historical evidences are so important is beca engross, as long as minimal facts (those disciplined upon by all) are used, the audience cannot deny the conclusion of the premise.Historical evidence allows for a sensation-step process for converting one to Christianity. Historical evidences have a lot of credibility. A second step is negative apologetics. This form attempts to debunk those arguments said against Christianity. Negative apologetics defends the faith against outsider claims to Christianities fall acies. A third step is minimal evidences. This is used primarily in reference to the resurrection. In an attempt to prove the legitimacy of the resurrection, an evidentialist would use facts and concepts which all mint agree on (i. e. the tomb was empty, eye-witnesses, etc.) and lead the individual into the conclusion that the resurrection took place. If one accepts these minimal evidences, then the conclusion of the resurrection has to follow. It is important for evidentialists to find common ground with the people whom they are speaking with to prove their point. A fourth step is the recognition of the power of the Holy Spirit. The bible is absolutely clear that it is only through Him that one can be regenerated it is not by the will of the flesh. Due to this concept, evidentialists understand the importance and reliability they have on the Holy Spirit.It is only Him who can use to evidences to illuminate the heart. These are the four steps of an evidentialist. 2. What is foundat ionalism? What makes foundationalism in general something which Plantinga calls classic foundationalism? How would Plantinga critique such a view? 25 Foundationalism is a belief which is found on another belief. It is the concept that one belief forever has to have a reason to be believed for it is based off of a previous belief. Evidentialists hold to this method of reasoning, asserting the great importance of always having a defense for ones beliefs.Plantinga explains this method of reasoning starting from the Enlightenment, and was promoted by Plato, Aristotle, etc. It is referenced as classical because it is old and has been the method of reasoning for a very long time. Plantinga separates himself from this view, believing it to be fallible. While it is important for certain beliefs to be based on rational thought, Plantinga does not agree that all should be. He would claim that there has to be at least one thought or one tempered of beliefs which are basic.Plantinga explains basic beliefs as those which are not based on a previous belief, but rather accepted through experience or memory (i. e. eating breakfast). Plantinga critics Foundationalism by stating that there has to be at least a certain amount of beliefs which are basic (not based on a previous belief) because all people need a starting place for rationalization. Despite those who hold to Foundationalism, it is important for all to understand that there are always certain beliefs which we take for granted simply because somebody told us so. We will not have a reason for every belief.3. Explain Frames concept of cause (the linear progression, narrow versus broad circularity). Explain each concept fully. 10 Frames concept of rationality is interesting. The circular explanations of his thoughts are explained as following My faith is based on my rationality, and my rationality is based on the rationality of beau ideal. The reason this is circular is because, if our faith were based on our ration ality, and our rationality was based on the rationality of God, one could connect the dots and say that Gods rationality enables our faith.This is the circular reasoning which Frame explains. The linear progression states that, imputable to Gods rationality, we have faith. As our faith is based on Gods rationality, our rationality is based on our Faith. Hence, our rationality is based on the rationality of God. This linear progression was stated in Frames chapter as following Gods rationality Our Faith our rationality. This is the linear explanation of Frame. 4. How does Bahnsen evaluate Steins epistemological criterion one can justify a belief only by the use of logic or reason?10 As Stein claims that one needs logic or reason to have a justified belief, Bahnsen accuses Stein of get this concept from the Christian world-view. in the first place engaging on the grounds of logic and argument, Bahnsen clearly states that the atheistic worldview cannot be based on reason for there i s no room for that within the possibleness of evolution. Due to the fact that one accepts that world view, they cannot begin justifying it based on logic and reason which are fundamentals within the Christian world-view. Bahnsen accuses Stein of borrowing from the Christian world view, making him epistemologically self-aware of his paradox.5. State three differences between compatibilist and libertarian views of freedom explain each of the differences. 15 6. State four reasons why we accept familial information as being structured or specified. Briefly explain each reason. 20 Genetic information is stated as being structured due to the process of elimination. The first question would be to discover whether it was formed by Law. Due to the fact that it is not contingent, the question of design would fall to the next direct which is that of chance.When one questions whether it was done by chance, the immense complexity within the cell eliminates this possibility and brings it to the concept of design. When looking at DNA (A=T, C=D) or proteins (amino acids), and seeing what is required for human life, the immense complexity within the cell would eliminate the possibility of law or chance. It must be structured. Also, the concept of time and fossils do not allow for the immense amount of time demanded by evolutionists for the process of life to have evolved. The more complex we understand the cell to be the less(prenominal) likely it is that it wasnt structured or specified.

Cause and Impact Analysis on the Main Character’s Suffering in Elizabeth Gilbert’s Novel Eat, Pray, Love

Chapter I INTRODUCTION In this chapter the detective discussed or so this study based on context of the study, problem statements of the study, purpose of the study, the significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, and definition of key terms. All of them were included on the chapter one as fulfilled of the study. 1. Background of The civilisation Literature did not take itself to a single definition because the achieving of it over century has been as complex and innate as the spiritedness itself. Many literary experts had unlike opinion close literary carrefourions. In this case, it was cerebrate with the time and kindly condition.Literature itself was correlated with pieces expression. Identical with liveliness, it could be seen that lit was a true picture or replication of tenderkinds look. The focus of literature was mankinds tone and the problem in it. It described that mankinds spirit had galore(postnominal) ways of expressing their felli ng, imagination, creation, and communication definitely the events of taking gentlemans gentleman life. Long in his take, English literature,(1948) writes that literature is the expression of life in the word of troughs and beauty, it is the indite record of mans thoughts, emotions, aspirations, it is the study, and the except hi base, of the human soul.Literary counterfeit so far was considered to be difficult to understand because it postulate a sharp aesdissertation of appreciation to carry willingness to fuck off out what the pen wanted to express to the readers. Therefore, the readers needed to look into not only outside surface of its components moreover withal what was more important in the essence of it. It also implied things in the works of literature had to be dug out to bump the valuable lesson hidden. The appreciation of literary work was always stand by special attitude such as how to interpret, roughageized and evaluate.Literature could not be free f rom oral communication because literature was language apply at the best. Language was the medium of literature and the only purpose of language communicated nighthing from the mortal to another. Language was also friendship of literary work. As the connection of literary works signed to system which connected of a works of literature, an condition, and the readers. The connection was complicated based on direct the three aspects. According Segers (197824 25) communication of literary works is complicated than communication of machine.According Connoly (1955). Literature has three book of factsistics. Firstly, literature has power. It heart that the use of language in a certain piece of work of literature whitethorn create powerful emotional impacts in readers mind. Secondly, literature is vivid. The written work of literature can reach out someone hear, feel, and see. Thirdly, the language of literature is clear. To clarify this, the author uses in passage to describe t he fictional character, the author clarifies his definition of someone by totallyowing who he is, why he does it, today he does it what he would neer do.Literature was grouped on some categories by some experts related with time, form, and purpose of exploitation literature. According Jakob Sumardo and Saini in their book Apresiasi Kesusastraan (1986180 divide Literatures into two categories that Non Imaginative literature and Imaginative Literature). Imaginative literature is the writing contains fact figment or real pot life and history which aim at conveying knowledge to article, history book, dictionaries and text book. On the other hand, imaginative literature aims an mixerise as healthful as giving information.In this case the author tries to tell astir(predicate) his though, ideas and feeling. A refreshing is a book length story in prose, whose author tries to create the sense that while we need, we experience actual life, (Kennedy, 1983180). In reading a rein vigorated, the readers would gain heart and souls, and it was not easy to interpret, it needed work hard to appreciate nitty-grittys of young forget message has been conveys by author. As novel might have many characters, some characters might never ever come into relation with an author. People knew that all the people in the realness at this moment and elated, if only by the nature of the fact that they were all living at the same time. Direct contact was not necessary to establish relationship, though a novelist would probably show closer relationship among his character that in that location was merely being alive at the same time. Through reading a novel, the readers gained messages find out from novel that the author was conveyed pass the contents of novel. Like the primary(prenominal) character of a novel would be representation of humans expression from the events of human life such their problem, deal of life and divergence.They could not be separated from love, sa crifice, humanity and sorrow. We were able to appreciate human life and do out our problem concern with mental, sociable, and others. The contribution of appreciation novel was the readers have to analyze for gaining the messages. Analyzed of important character would give us insight of human life about pressure encroach that impact of psychological of main character Eat Pray bang. It was in truth different from other novels I met before. In this novel Eat Pray Love, an author gives a different sensation but about common problems that happen to anyone.Problems in the novel Eat, Pray, Love gave a different atmosphere. Although it seemed simple but had a tremendous contradict. Conflicts that occurred in daily were a pervasive anxiety and depression in the main character in this novel. Impressed simple but very weighty. There were some review came from San Francisco Chronicle Don Lattin and Jennifer Egan. Both of them gave respond about this novel. Firstly, the review came from S an Francisco Chronicle Don Lattin of her review that Gilberts writing is chatty and deep, self-assured and self-deprecating.Shes a quick study and doesnt worry about leading readers down uncharted paths. That makes her work engaging and accessible but sometimes gets her and the rest of us lost in space. And the second, the review also came from the famous person was The New York propagation Jennifer Egan Lacking a ballast of gravitas or grit, the book lists into the land of magical thinking nothing Gilbert touches seems to turn out wrong not a single wish goes unfulfilled. What are missing are the textures and wonder and unfinished business of real life.While I wouldnt begrudge this massively talented author a single iota of joy or peace, I institute myself more interested, finally, in the awkward, unresolved stuff she must have chosen to leave out. As added from the review that the queryer had interview from his friends. That the novel eat, pray, love was wonderful with t he style of main characters behavior. It also gave some taste of the novel with the journey of the main character was beginning of therapy. Therapy for psychotherapeutic was from the main characters ache.As the detective, the review above encouraged to conduct research and understanding in the content of novel. It gave motivated from the researcher construe the content of Elizabeth Gilberts novel eat, pray, love. The researcher also would give some evidence about the subject of the novel as spiritual and the genre of the novel was about memoir. In this story, the writer of this thesis would discuss of the main characters woefulness, the causes and the impacts that influenced of the main characters suffering, and how to solved from its.This thesis discussed about the main characters suffering because it was dominant news report of the story. For the main characters suffering of this study just would be proved about the main character suffered. The evidences of the main charact ers suffering just shown of the confession of the main characters life based of the Elizabeth Gilberts novel eat, pray, love. 1. 2 Problem Statement of the Study In this study there were some problems that were necessary to be investigated in relations with the main characters suffering (Liz) in the novel. The writer of this thesis formulated the problems as follows . What were the main characters sufferings on Elizabeth Gilbert Eat Pray Love? 2. What were the causes and impacts of the main character suffering? 3. How did the main character overcome her suffering? 1. 3 Purpose of the Study The writer of this thesis stated purposes of the study to find out the answer of the problems. They were formulated as follows 1. To describe of the main characters sufferings. 2. To describe the causes and the impacts of the main characters suffering. 3. To describe the overcome of the main characters suffering? 1. 4. The Significance of the StudyThis study intended to bear an example for the st udents who wanted to understand a novel by means of the content of the novel. Secondly, it was expected to be able to enhance and encourage the readers, especially the students of English Department to pay more attention on literary works. The researcher of this thesis also hoped that the readers would be able to take result of this research as the lesson in their life. Not only for the students who gained the contributions of this thesis but also amidst English teacher and other researches who wanted to interpret it.This study intended to provide for the English Teacher who wanted to develop their knowledge about novel and increased their vocab. For other researchers and the readers gained many lessons of this study such as the main characters suffering that impacted the readers mind the causes and the impacts of the main characters suffering and how to overcome of the main characters suffering. Both of them would give insight for the cases of this study. This study presented some contributions liked struggle, action of life, and problems of life occurring to the main character. The object of this study was unique.It was 108 tales of the novel that it liked japa mala. Japa mala was strings of beads. In a way, this study gave many contributions for the Students, English Teachers, other researchers, and the readers. 1. 5 Scope and restriction of the Study The researcher of this thesis just wanted to discuss suffering. So, the researcher of this thesis gave the scope of novel eat, pray, love by Elizabeth Gilbert. The limitation of the study by only discussing the causes and the impacts of main characters suffering, and how to overcome of the main characters suffering in Elizabeth Gilberts novel eat, pray, love. . 6 description of the Key Terms. To make the study clearer to the readers and to avoid confusion in understanding this study, the writer of this thesis would like to present several definitions of key terms allegory is book length story in prose, w hose author tries to create the sense that, while one reads, they experience it (Kennedy, 1983180). unworthy is feelings of pain or unhappiness (hornby, A. A, 1974). clear is produces and termination from something. Impact is striking of something. A main character is someone the representation of a person in a narrative or hammy work of art. Elizabeth Gilbert is the author of the novel Eat Pray Love Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE In chapter two, the researcher gave review of related literature such as literature fiction novel definition of novel kinds of novel the elements of novel theme ground piece characterization counterpoint subject matter and theme the nature of suffering. 2. 1. Literature According to Jones Jr. (1986) literature is simply another way people can experience the military man around them done the imagination. It can be divided into two different groups namely informative literature and imaginative literature.Informative literature deals wit h facts, explanation, real peoples life, and history. Imaginative literature, on the other hand aims to arouse thoughts and feelings. In other books, literature is as the standard of expression from what the people have shown in life, have experienced about life, have lost in thought and felt about aspects of life which interest in today and forcefully. Actually, it is an expression of life passing through language form (Hardjana, 198114). In other words, literature born because of fundamental motivation of human beings interest in literary works.Perrine (1959311) defines literature according to the aim of writing literature. He makes two broad categories of literature, namely escape literature and interpretative literature. Escape literature is that written purely for entertainment, to help is pass the time agreeably. Its only objet is pleasure. While, interpretative literature is written to broaden and deep and sharpen our awareness of life. It takes us, through imagination, deep er into the real world it enables us to understand the reality of life better.Francis Connoly (1995) said that men read because of hunger for information or amusement or solace on relish for truth that literature is anthology or collection of stories, poems, plays, novels and other works of literature written by many different authors. Literature should not only provide enjoyment for readers but it also gives something more important to their life. 2. 2 Fiction Fiction was narrative literature that created an imaginary reality in the form of a story written in sentences and paragraph with no gruellingly rhythmic base.There was usually a sense of various experience of someone recreating one-time(prenominal) events. Included are novel, novelette and short story. But in this study the researcher only focused to the novel. 2. 3 reinvigorated Novel usually concerns with human being and through the story give valuable message for us. Novel can enrich our sense of humanity and imaginat ion, because it tries to portray human relationship, love struggles, desire and experience. By reading novel people can get knowledge about expression of life by words and the readers can find of human personality, many characters of people and human behavior. . 3. 1. Definition of Novel Novel was which one forms of traditional fiction, as the literary works, are meant for telling stories. According to Singleton and Millet in their book An Introduction to Literature that novel is prose fiction of considerable length showing characters in follow up and capable of greater complexity both character and while than the story. (19661194). This idea supported by Webster (1952), that a fiction prose narrative of considerable length, portraying characters, carry through and scene representative of real life in a patch of more and less intricacy.Novel is not like a short story, novelette, and novella. The categories differentiate about traditional fictions above are length. Novel is not also like a short story for some aspects. According Jones in his book Outlines of Literature (196880) that a short story focuses on one incident time an over has far more range. It may deal with a lifetime a number of incidents. A novel may have many character, some characters may never even come into contact with others, but who are, nevertheless, somehow involved with others.However both of them are different for some aspects, both of them are some similarities. Both are prose fiction and dealing with truth, problems, conflict and both of them have the same aim to entertain and to inform,. In both, the elements of structure are found plot, characterization, setting and theme but a novel is longer and more complex. 2. 3. 2. Kinds of Novel In the anthology of English literature, Putra (197853-54) mentioned seven types of novels and adjunct of a few experts as follows 1. The picaresque novel, the novel which negotiation about the adventures of a rougher knave.For example Moll Flande rs (Defoe) Joseph Andrew and Tom Jones (Fielding). 2. The epistolary novel, the novel written in the form of series of letters between the characters. For example Pamela, Clarissa Harolow, (Richarson). 3. The sentimental novel, the novel that contains an exaggerated expression of sentiment, aimed at producing a calculated response from the reader. For example Pamela (Richardson) and A sentimental journey (Stern). 4. The Gothic novel, the novel that covers such elements as horror, death, violence, mystery and the supernatural predominate.For example Laura Conways The unforgotten, Fran Kestein (Mary Shelly, Jane Eyre (Charlotte Bronte). 5. The didactic novel, the novel in which the message is used to teach something or to preach political or religious doctrines and social reforms. For example Dickenss novels are didactic novels aimed at social reforms. 6. The historical novel, the novel which sets a historical background, a detailed reconstruction of life in another time. For example Sir Walter Scotts novels. 7. The domestic novel, the novel which mostly talks about the domestic problems of certain family.For example Jane Austen (Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility). 8. memoir? novel, a kind of novel that pretends to be a true autobiography or memoir. It was an important form in the emergence of the modern novel during the 18th century, in such works as Daniel Defoes Moll Flanders (1722) and John Clelands Memoirs of a bird of Pleasure (17489 usually known as Fanny Hill). A similar pseudo? autobiographical mode of first? person narrative is found in very many later novels, but the pretence that the real author was only an editor of a true account did not hold out the 18th century. . Romance, This form of novel goes beyond ordinary experience and social predicaments into make-believe. several(prenominal)thing new is being searched for in an alternative world beyond familiar set so that the novels purpose is a moral or ideal issue. Nevertheless, the t ransportation to some idealized world, or going on a somewhat tempestuous journey, can lead to disappointment, and its moral outcome. The characters ideals can be crushed. The fantastical journey can be a big illusion or joke, where the reality is a series of mundane disappointments or repeated errors.European writers tend to present and then undermine the fantastic, whereas Americans use the fantasy to explore matters. Portrait of a skirt (1881) by Henry James Wuthering Heights (1847) by Emily Bronte This study discussed eat, pray, love novel by Elizabeth Gilbert and this kind of novel included a memoir-novel. Some of researchers such as publishers weekly classify this novel into a kind of romantic novel. Actually this subject of novel is spirituality. It combined with some conflicts, problems, struggle, causes and impacts of the main characters suffering, and recovering of the problems through spirituality based of the novel. . 3. 3 The Elements of Novel There were some elements of novel, which have relation with the study, namely theme, setting, plot, character, characterization, conflict, and suffering. 2. 3. 3. Theme Theme is basal or the aim of story or novel (Brooks and Warren, 1959688). According to Scharbach theme is the idea which become the foundation of a story, so it has a role as the writers foundation in describing their fiction work the other explanation, in addition theme is not synonymous with moral or message and theme relates to meaning and purpose.In the sense, in order to understand the theme, the readers have to understand the significant element which builds a story including the meaning of a story and able to related the purpose of these creation. Edward H. Jones, Jr. point out the theme of a novel is its underlying idea or wisdom that the author is presenting. Kenney (196691) assigns that the theme is the meaning of the story releases. Koesnosoebroto (198879) quoted from Perrine (1959143) propose some principle to look for a theme in story (1) Theme must be expressible in the form of statement with a subject and predicate.Theme must be statement about the subject, (2) the theme must be stated as a generalization about life. Theme was often listed as one of fundamental elements of fiction. In this case, the makings of novel had a theme which became a major type of message. This was the commutation idea from an author. On eat, pray, love by Elizabeth Gilbert included of spirituality or religious. 2. 3. 3. 2 Setting According to Connonly (195414), setting is in a sense the time place and concrete situation of the narrative of environment in which characters spin out their destinies.In a good story, setting is also well integrated with plot and character that the reader is hardly aware of it. The function of setting is to create an atmosphere that is kind of mood or emotional which suggested by the setting to establish the readers explanation (Kennedy, 196638) There were two kinds of setting physical and psychol ogical. tangible setting means the place where an event happens. Physical setting related with place. Psychological setting is concerned with environment or the object in certain environment which influence the reader emotion.Psychological setting can be in term of situation, attitude and point of view of certain societys environment. Setting consists of (1) the actual geographical location, including topography, scenery, event the inside information of a rooms interior, (2) the occupation and mode of day to day existence of the characters, (3) The time in which the action takes place, e. g. historical, season, and emotional environment of the character (Kenney, 196640). The setting was also list as one of the fundamental elements of fiction. The explanations about setting have fully described above.The physical setting meant the place, and time when the events was occurring such as I discovered Giovanni for a few weeks after Id arrived in Rome, thanks to that beg Internet cafe at the Piazza Barbarini, across the route from the fountain with the sculpture of that sexy merman blowing into his conch shell. And the second is the psychological setting that means describing about the full setting of the events have occurred. The process of the study have met many psychological setting of eat, pray, love novel by Elizabeth Gilbert. 2. 3. 3. 3. PlotA plot was the structure of emotion, which existed on fiction or drama. According to Edward H. Jones, Jr, plot is the action of the story. It is the sequence of events involving the character or characters. In other words, plot is the sequence of events in a story. Each event causes or leads to the next one. And a plot reveals events to the readers, not only in their temporal but also their casual relationship. In other opinion, Tarigan said the principle of plot in another literary work that a fiction should be the beginning, middle and the ending.In literature they are usually calls as exposition, complication and den ouement. In the beginning, usually a plot begins exposition it is the background of setting and situation. Furthermore, narrative book is drawing the reader into the story. Rising action is the events that bear to the climax. Whereas, climax is the point of highest dramatist tension. The falling action presents the result of the climax, and the resolution gives the final outcome. According to Connonly, (199556) besides, Mac Millan in Appreciating Literature, there is the scheme of plot, as follows ClimaxRising ActionFalling Action ExpositionNarrative book steadiness 2. 3. 3. 4. Character According to Kennedy (198345), character is an imagined person who inhabits a story. But his definition, as himself admits, is over simplified, for in stories may happen not only to the people but also the elements of nature such as the wind, the wave, grass or stone, or even animals. The story will exist only because these things will be inured as if they were human rather that as what we know t hey are in nature, with the exception of stories with animals as characters (Koenosoebroto, 198865).On the basic of importance character can be divided into two types, mayor and churl character (Koesnosoebroto, 198869). Mayor character is the most important character in a story. Basically the story is about this character, but he or she cannot stand on his own. He or she needs other character to make the story more convincing and minor character is less important character that those of the mayor, for the minor character just support the mayor one. Sunaryo Koensosoebroto in his Book writes, protagonist is the character who has attitudes, which is pleasing the readers. foe is the character who has attitudes, which is not pleasing and doesnt agree with the readers imagination. 2. 3. 3. 5. Characterization According to Kearns (1984610), a characterization is personality of the character and the method that an author uses to reveals this personality. Edward H. Jones, Jr said that chara cterization is the depicting of clear images of a person. There are two methods of characterization the dramatic and the analytic. In the dramatic we form our opinions of the character from what they do and say, from their environment, and from what other characters think of them.In the analytic method the author comments upon the characters, explaining their motives, their appearance, and their thoughts. Characterization can be direct or indirect. With direct characterization the author directly states fact about a characters personality with indirect characterization the author reveals a characters personality indirectly through the characters physical appearance, words, thoughts, and actions or through what other characters say about that character. Characterization described characters comprises are physics, though, appearance, and actions or through what other characters say about that character.Habitually, it appeared of fiction the author used a passage to describe the charac ter, author clarifies his definition of person by allowing who he is, why he does it, now he does it what he would. It was discussed of the characteristic of fiction above. 2. 4. Conflict In daily life, conflict was mostly caused by the different opinion, limited skills, unfulfilled and dissatisfaction. According to Edward H. Jones (1968) is divided conflict into three categories physical, social and psychological conflict. The physical conflict is a conflict of the character against the nature.The social conflict is a conflict between human being. It is a conflict where a man against a man, the main character may be against some person or group of person. Those two kinds of conflict can be classified as external conflict, the last in psychological conflict. It means that a conflict of a character against herself or himself. This conflict can be classified into internal conflict. On some statements about conflict we sometimes met with others statements that more completely described about it. Before we would be far explanation of conflict, we discussed the means of conflict.World English Dictionary means that conflict is discord of action, feeling, or effect antagonism or opposition, as of interests or principles a conflict of ideas. It also means a mental struggle arising from opposing demands or impulse. Consequently, we would find some categories from conflict itself of our though. We could directly distinguish conflict into some types Person Vs Person, Person Vs Machine, Person Vs Society, Person Vs reputation, Character Vs Self, and the last Person Vs Supernatural. In http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fiction there are six basic types of conflict. In modern times, Person vs.Machine, also known as Person vs. Technology, has become another one. 1. Character vs. self Character vs. Self is the theme in literature that places a character against his or her own will, confusion, or fears. Man vs. Self can also be where a character tries to find out who he or she is or comes to a realization or a change in character. Although the struggle is internal, the character can be influenced by external forces. The struggle of the human being to come to a decision is the basis of Character vs. Self. Examples include the novel called Grendel on the character taken from the epic Beowulf.More recently, there have been movies about Character vs. Self such as Fight Club and the Academy Award winning movie, A Beautiful Mind. When a person struggles with his or her inner self by deciding whats right or wrong. 2. Person vs. person Person vs. Person is when, in a novel, there is a conflict of two forms of like beings. An example is the heros conflicts with the central villain of a work, which may play a large role in the plot and contribute to the development of both characters. There are usually several confrontations before the climax is reached. The conflict is external.Person vs. Person can usually be explicit by when a child is being ridiculed by a bully. An example is the conflict between Judah and Messala in Ben-Hur. 3. Person vs. Society Person vs. Society is a theme in fiction in which a main characters, or group of main characters, main source of conflict is social traditions or concepts. In this sense, the two parties are a) the protagonist(s) b) the society of which the protagonist(s) are included. Society itself is often looked at as a single character, just as an opposing party would be looked at in a Person vs. Person conflict.An example in literature would be Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte. right. 4. Person vs. Nature Person vs. Nature is the theme in literature that places a character against forces of nature. Many disaster films focus on this theme, which is predominant within many survival stories. It is also strong in stories about struggling for survival in remote locales, such as the novel Hatchet or Jack Londons short story To prove a Fire. Also A separate peace is a good example with Leper not wanting to jump out of the tree. Some are not so remote such as Banner in the Sky. 5.Person vs. Supernatural Person vs. Supernatural is a theme in literature that places a character against supernatural forces. When an entity is in conflict with his, her, or itself, the conflict is categorized as internal, otherwise, it is external. Such stories are often seen in Freudian critical review as representations of id vs. superego. Bram Stokers Dracula is a good example of this, as well as Frankenstein by Mary Shelley and Christabel by Samuel Coleridge. It is also very common in comic books 6. Person vs. Machine/Technology (Main article Man vs. Machine) Person vs.Machine/Technology places a character against robot forces with artificial intelligence. I, automaton and the Terminator series are good examples of this conflict. In this study the researcher found some conflicts of Elizabeth Gilberts novel eat, pray, love. There were consisted of the person versus self, and person versus person based accordi ng from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fiction. In other side, the researcher summarized the conflict from the two types of conflict in Edward H. Jones. According Edward H. Jones (1968), there are external conflict and internal conflict.The external conflict comprised cosmic, social, and physical conflict. In other side, the internal conflict was psychological conflict. Based on the novel, the main character found psychological conflict as the internal conflict and physical conflict as the external conflict. Psychological conflict is a character experiences inner unrest and discord, essentially struggling within him. Characters may struggle with themselves in various ways, including wrestling with ideas of good and evil, struggling with weaknesses and grappling with decisions.Psychological conflict may reveal itself as an individual wrestling with a moral decision or trying to overcome a handicap. Characters who suffer from addictions or who make self-destructive choices may also be manifesting psychological conflict. And physical conflict is characters struggle against other external forces. A character may struggle against other characters, animals or even natural forces. Physical conflict may manifest itself as problems with physical shelter or safety, or it may be reflected through fights between friends, family members or lovers. . 5 Subject Matter and Theme Kenney (196611) says that subject matter is not what the worked contains, but what the work refers to. The subject matter of this novel,Eat Pray Love is the story of Elizabeths life. Theme is the topic of the story. Kenney (196691) describes that theme is the meaning of the story that releases. The theme of the novel Eat Pray Love is spiritual and for the genre of the novel is memoir. 2. 6. The Nature of Suffering Happiness and no-goodness always accompany peoples life. Life would be colorful with such feelings.Sometimes, when they feel happy they will fill their life with enthusiasm and excitement. In other causes, when their feeling is not good, they will easily get angry because of uncontrolled emotion and the result is that they can easily get them into trouble, when their life are not felt pleasant as usual. They become worried about the safety and afraid of their belongings. Those emotions can create bad design toward other people. They can take a friend into enemies and make their life sorrow. So, those can make them feel stressed and depressed. Because, of that, they always live in bedevilment and suffer.From above explanation, it can be conclude that suffering is bearing on feeling something that is not comfortable in their life that is faced by human being. According to Munandar his book Ilmu Budaya Dasar (199268) there are two kinds of suffering based on the causes. The first, suffering physical reasonableness, suffers internal state which can be caused by physical demands on the body, such disease condition, climate or extremes of temperature, injury, infection a nd the like. The second, the mental reason, suffering is caused by environmental and social situations which are evaluated as potentially harmful, and controllable.The situations or events that cause sufferings are changes in ones life, exercise, noise, frustration and job, social or family pressure. Both of them could meet each other. If the person got the mental reason it seems no worry. But if it continued embed of someone, it would destroy her endurance. The study I got the mental reason of eat, pray, love novel by Elizabeth Gilbert. There is some suffering that appeared of the study as follow psychosomatic of main character, Depression and loneliness have arged into my life again, and I just took my last Wellbutrin three days ago. (P 68) the explanation impacted of main character of the study, I am schizo (P 69) and others impacts of main characters suffering. Consequently, mental reason is a suffering is caused by environmental and social situations which are evaluated as p otentially harmful, and controllable. According to Spencer A. Rathus and Jefrey S. Nevid of their book Psychology Abnormal (200370) mentions the psychosocial and environmental problems become some categories Category Problem Cases Problems with Primary support groups oddment of family members Marital disruption in the form of separation, divorce, or estrangement sexual or physical violence within the family neglect of children birth siblings Problems related to social environment Death or loss of a friend living alone or social isolation the difficulty in adjusting the new culture (acculturation) Problems relating to education Illiterate academic difficulties Employment problems excessive workload, problems with labor leaders, changes in employment the threat of job losses Housing problems homeless, living in an unguaranteed environment Economic problems Poverty Problems with access to health services Health services are inadequate or no health insurance appr oachability Problems relating to the legal system Arrest or imprisonment involved in a lawsuit or a court victims of crime Psychosocial and other environmental problems natural disasters or man-made disasters counselor hostilities doctors The problems above were relating ones progress that would impacts of their life. Some experts who deal with mental symptoms or psychiatrics argued that the problems above endanger on human health. Someone gained one problems above would be behave abnormally due to a mental attack from their environment. Abnormal behavior affects almost everyone in different ways.Abnormal behavior patterns that include psychological dysfunction or behavioral disorders are classified by mental health experts as a psychological disorder or mental disorder. Mental disorders could be cured with treatments such as taking medication drugs, yoga or improve the spiritual, writing in the diary for the lower stimulation, and others. It could be without help from psychiatr ic and for improving spiritual must have a teacher for guiding us be a seeker. Chapter III Research Method In this chapter the researcher would give development of the thesis. The researcher used the qualitative content synopsis as the methodology of the research design. The chapter would discuss which related research design approach the objective of study entropy collection and entropy analysis.Consequently, the researcher explained their area of the chapter three not only on the outer surface but also what more important of the essence of it such as gave flowchart or abstract cloth to make easily and more complete describing of the thesis. 1. Research Design This study used the qualitative content analysis. center analysis is a methodology in the social sciences for studying the content of communication. It could be used of qualitative and quantitative. According Vredenbreght (1983 66-68), explicitly analysis method is first used in United States in 1926. Content analysis method comprises two kinds there are latent content and communication content.As qualitative methods, the basic implementation of the method of content analysis is interpretation. If the process of interpretation in qualitative methods to give attention to the natural situation, the basic interpretation of the content analysis method to give attention to the content of the message The researcher also used certain technique to get the data that is library research. It was used to get the information about the problem that has correlation coefficient with this study in the form of books, encyclopedia and dictionary. 2. info Source In appreciating Elizabeth Gilberts novel, Eat Pray Love the researcher of the thesis uses the data source.The writer of this thesis studied about novel itself was without relating to the authors life, background of society or background to the worked and focused on analysis suffering of the main character only. Source data in the literature is the work, w ords, sentences and give-and-take. (Pro. Dr. Nyoman 47) . According to Abrams (1981), a literary approach consists of four divisions they are mimetic, pragmatic, expressive and objective approach. 1. heading Approach This approach tries to study literature work itself, without relating to the authors life, background of society or background of the work. 2. Mimetic Approach This approach views the literary work as an imitation or reflection of the world and human life.From this classic theory comes the view that a work of literary in some ways imitates the work of civilization in which it was produced. 3. Pragmatic Approach This approach views the work as something which is constructed in order to achieve a certain effect on the audience (the effect such as arouse their emotion, perhaps argues for ideas that charge minds) and it tends to judge the value of the work according to its success in achieving that aim. 4. expressive Approach This approach treats a literary work primarily in relation to the author, the expression of the authors feeling and emotion, or as the product of authors imagination operating on his or her perceptionsThe researcher chosen objective approach to described and developed the thesis. It made easily of the thesis and also the researcher more focused to the thesis. The researcher would research by objective approach. 3. The Object of the Study The object of the study in this thesis was in the novel Eat Pray Love written by Elizabeth Gilbert. The discussing this thesis was focused on main characters suffering. 4. Data Collection The data of this study are words, sentences, and discourses of the novel that deal with suffering. The data have been selected of this study are as follows 1. Reading and understand the Eat Pray Love novel, written by Elizabeth Gilbert. 2.Understanding the theme and characters, and focusing on Lizs suffering in Elizabeth Gilberts Eat Pray Love novel 3. Choosing data dealing with the problem which is going to b e investigated. 4. Selecting data dealing with the purpose of this study on the novel. 5. Conducting to examine towards paragraph or dialogues in the novel 3. 5. Data Analysis The research of the data analysis would give flowchart or conceptual framework to make easily corrected the data of the thesis. The conceptual framework was in the thesis used Miles and Huberman based on their book as the qualitative data second edition. Interpretation of thePredicting to processAnalyzing data to organizeMakeThe object dataselecting data as textaccordance with the goalconclusion To analyze the data, the following steps were liked a flowchart above. 1. Reviewing the data that have been collected. 2. Predicting the data dealing with the purpose of the study. 3. Analyzing the data that based on the characteristic that refers to main characters suffering in Eat, Pray, Love by Elizabeth Gilbert. 4. Making useful conclusion, implication, and suggestion for the next decision. The researcher analyze t he data based on the steps above before the researcher collect the data, the researcher interpreted the data and noted for collecting data would be researched. indeed the data would predicted into some categories and differentiate data which not related the purpose of the thesis would be removed. The data have been collected based on the researcher researched a book or novel. Novel which been researched by the researcher is eat, pray, love by Elizabeth Gilbert. The analyzing of the data focused of the causes and the impacts of main characters suffering by Elizabeth Gilberts novel eat, pray, love. The data comprised text because human activity was seen as text as collection of symbols expressing layers for meaning. The researcher had to be deep understanding, conviction, and conceptual orientation of own research. Then the research made conclusion, implication, and suggestion for the next decision.Impinging FactorsInternal Context as HostAdoption Decision CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCU SSION In this chapter, the writer of this thesis wanted to answer the problems stated in the statement of problems. They are what main characters suffering are, the causes of main characters suffering are, and the impacts of main characters suffering are. In answering the problem, the writer not only shows the proofs as her findings related to her study through the words, sentences, and discourse which exist on the story especially on the novel, but also tries to give some explanation. But before the writer explain the finding of this research, the writer will describe about the author.Elizabeth Gilbert is the author pilgrims as form a story collection, Stern Men as form a novel, The experience American Men, EPL (eat, pray, love), and Committed. Almost all have been number one international bestsellers. Her first book, Stern Men was acclaimed (Houghton Mifflin 2000), selected by The New York Times as a Notable book. Most of this novel has become major feature films. Before she bec omes a novelist, Elizabeth Gilbert has been a journalist. She was the first unpublished short story writer to debut in Esquire since Norman Mailer. This led to steady work as a journalist for a variety of national magazines including, SPIN, GQ, The New York Times Magazine, Allure, Real Simple, and Travel + Leisure. 1. The main characters sufferingIn Elizabeth Gilberts novel eat, pray, love, the main character faces some problems that make her life suffer. There are some sufferings of the main character life. There are a failed conglutination and a devastating, interminable divorce, followed immediately by a fervent love affair that ended in sickening heartbreak. 1. Being a failed marriage and a devastating The main character of eat, pray, love have been sad and brittle because she have been lost upon lost of their life. About a failed marriage of main character explained that she got depressed and anxious of her life after a failed marriage and a devastating. . .. . . .

Buddha & religions

As we come to know it, there be flipper major religions in our world. For centuries, these five religions, namely Christianity, Hinduism, Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism have dominated and influenced the world and its views in keep, death, heaven, and earth. Now, the writer wishes to state on this paper the different key terms, main arguments, and assumptions of bingle of the most revered faiths on earth. But before anything else, perhaps we should go through an overview of the history of Buddhism and its founder. The general history of Buddhism started around 566-486 B. C.The tradition all toldy accepted founder of Buddhism is a macrocosm named Siddhartha Gautama. Around 486 B. C. , the first Buddhistic Council at Rajagaha was formed. It is where the Buddhist Canon, as it silent exists today was settled and preserved through oral tradition. Through the passing of centuries, different forms of Buddhism were developed and propagated through away distant lands. One of the impor tant highlights of the religions history is the introduction of the Dalai Lama lineage of the Tibetan Buddhism during the 15th century (A Timeline of Buddhist History Major Events).Today, Buddhism continues to thrive and according to Wikipedia, most estimates put its number of accomplices at around 310 million (Jones 2006) In relation to the founding of Buddhism, it is a widely accepted fact that Siddhartha Gautama is the founder of Buddhism. Born in luxury, Siddhartha was the son of a king hence making him prince. At the age of 29, Gautama left-hand(a) his palace to view his subjects. However, what he saw was despair that depressed him so. So one night, he escaped from his palace to live the spiritedness of a mendicant.Thus started the Buddhas long and fruitful life and the creation of the different principles and beliefs that would guide the ideology of Buddhism and influence world history (Gautama Siddhattha Buddha). An event that triggered Gautamas quest for the truth is the one that happened when he left the palace at the age of 13. After seeing the four sights, which namely are an old creation, a man with a disease, a corpse, and an ascetic, he became convinced that suffering in this world is inescapable and even all the riches of the world cannot add up to make a man truly happy and in peace (Gautama Siddhattha Buddha).It is also Siddharthas experience that meditation alone cannot ease all the anxieties in a mans mind. After studying with devil teachers on meditation, he was not satisfied so he left. He realized that the only way to detach you from all the pain and suffering in this world is through overall tranquility. Buddha is also credited as the creator of the Four master Truths. The first of these noble truths is the majestic Truth of Suffering. According to this truth, life is full of suffering such as pain and grief.Even in other religions, they share a common ground that life is full of torment. According to the Second Noble Truth, whic h is the Truth of the Arising of Suffering, the agony that people experience is due to the Threefold Craving. The Threefold Craving, on the other hand, is what brings beings from birth to conversion accompanied by lust and joy. These tether craving are the sensual cravings, and the cravings for existence, and wealth and power. The Third Noble Truth, according to Buddha is the Noble Truth of the design of Suffering.According to this truth, there is a way for suffering to stop and that is by giving up the Threefold Craving. And lastly, the Fourth Noble Truth is the Truth of the track Leading to the Cessation of Suffering. It is in this Noble truth that the octuple Path is presented. This path is also kn feature as the Middle Path because this path does not commit to the two extremes of self-mortification and sensual pleasure (Gautama Siddhattha Buddha). The eight-fold Path, or the Middle Path, is the principle that guides the followers of Buddhism in eliminating all suffering fro m his life.The Eightfold Path is divided into three sections. The first section is called Sila. Sila pertains to the wholesome physical actions. Sila also stands for morality and refraining from objectionable actions of the body and speech. Included in Sila are three of the eight parts of the Eightfold Path. The first one is the Right Speech. In this right, the person should speak in a pleasant, truthful way. The second is the Right Actions wherein the person is taught to do good actions and to lift doing things that may hurt or harm others.The last part of this section is the Right Livelihood. In this right, the follower should always choose a means of backing that does not harm anyone including himself straightforwardly or not. The second section of the Eightfold Path is called Samadhi. Samadhi, according to Buddhism, is the mastery over a persons own mind. Included in this division are another three rights of the Eightfold Path. The first of these three is the Right Effort or E xercise. This right concerns itself to the effort of the follower in improving his self.The second in this section is the Right Mindfulness or Awareness wherein the mental ability to perceive things with clear consciousness is emphasized. And the trio one on Samadhi is the Right Concentration or Meditation. It is in this right that awareness of the current worldly concern that happens on self is realized. The absence of craving or aversion is also included in being aware to the reality in ones life And lastly, the third section of the Eightfold Path is called the Prajna. Prajna is mainly concerned with wisdom that purifies the mind.The last two rights of the Eightfold Path is included in this section. The first of the two is the Right Understanding. This right teaches that one should reality as what it really is and not just how it appears to be. The last of the rights is the Right Thoughts. In this right, an alteration in the pattern of thinking is taught. Different ways of inter preting the Eightfold Path exists. Some people believe that it is a series of progressive stages. This interpretation stresses out that the mastery of the first right will lead to the offset of the mastery of the next right and so on.Others believe that the Eightfold Path and its rights should be developed simultaneously (The Eightfold Path). According still to the Buddhist faith, Samsara is the cycle of birth, suffering and agony, death, and rebirth in which humans are bounded. But once a man becomes successful in grasping the Four Noble Truths and in following the Eightfold Path and eliminates all cravings from his life, it is when he experiences Bodhi. Bodhi is the awakening or enlightenment felt by Buddhas. It is also the time when greed, hate, and delusion are eradicated.In addition to this, it is also the time in which Nirvana or highest happiness is attained. These are only some of the basic principles held by the Buddhist faith. The teachings and beliefs of Buddhism are in like manner many to be mentioned in this paper. However, this paper wishes to analyze some of the beliefs of the aforementioned religion. As a world- take faith with hundreds of millions of followers, Buddhism has influenced not only the faith of multitudes exactly world history as well. Aside from these, Buddhism has also played a part in the development of oriental art and architecture.One of the strengths of the Buddhist religion is that their followers are not afraid to show that they are devoted to their belief. And being devoted to their belief has its own advantages. Because these followers adhere to their principles, it becomes better for them to be guided in their everyday lives and decisions. However, being too much devoted to the faith has its own disadvantages. Some people become too dependent on the principles that it starts to interfere with their universal lives.However, we cannot comment on that issue since it is their own choice and therefore are responsible for their own actions. In Buddhism, there are no recognized gods but there is the Buddha or enlightened beings. In the teachings of Buddhism, it is emphasized that in able to reach true happiness, one must live a simple life. This life that they would live should be one of humility and righteousness. Only then would they achieve nirvana. In parallel with other faiths, especially in Christianity, it is also stressed out that in able to attain salvation, one must live in truthfulness and simplicity.So this is why Christians, especially the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox perform have their own monasteries where people could live in seclusion far from all the temptations and sins of the Earth. It might be said that most religions, particularly the five leading ones, share the same principles of the need to do good to others and live in humbleness in able to attain salvation. Others believe that the foundations of Buddhism are vague and inaccurate. And still others criticize them for the ir unique nature.But let us all remember that even though we share different faiths and beliefs, even though we are separated by cultural and spiritual diversity, some principles are still being shared. And one of those principles is to do the right thing and to never cause harm to anyone. I, as the writer, personally adhere to the belief that we should have religious tolerance. As long as our beliefs do not interfere or cause harm to anyone, then we should big to worship and believe what we desire. And above all, respect is what is needed in a society that prejudices and criticizes what they perceive as odd.In spite of everything, we are all, in the broadest sense, humans, and therefore, equal. Works Cited Gautama Siddhattha Buddha. 12 Sept. 2007 . Jones, Judy, and Wilson William. Religion, An Incomplete Education. 3rd ed.. Ballantine Books, 2006. The Eightfold Path. 2000. About, Inc. , A part of. 12 Sept. 2007 . Timeline of Buddhist History Major Events. 12 Sept. 2007 .

Discuss the character of Banquo and his role in ‘Macbeth’ Essay

Banquo was unmatchable of Duncans brave generals. He was a man of honour and integrity. He held the same rank as Macbeth and they were very closely linked characters. They were courageous and loyal warriors. They two witnessed the Witches prophesies and their future successes were foretold throughout the be given. Banquo had a generous spirit and a rational view of the innovation and had the attributes required by a good King, however, Banquo was an ambiguous character, in that he was sceptical of Macbeths manner follo go ong their encounter with the Witches. Macbeths beliefs worried Banquo, as he was a good man and he believed deeply in upholding Gods rule of order. Banquo sensed that the Witches prophesies prompted new reactions in Macbeth further encouraging his ambitions towards kingship.Banquos first encounter with the Witches was quite unbelievable to him and he remarked to Macbeth,What are these,So withered, and so wild in their attire,That look not like thinhabitants oth earth,And yet are on,t?,Banquos words describe Macbeths startled and uneasy reaction to the Witches prophesies, touching moral confusion in Macbeth by saying to him,Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fearThings that do not sound so beauteous?The half rhyme fear and fair echoes the Witches previous fair and foul. Although Banquo was not afraid of the Witches, he still wanted them to speak to him but at the same time he wished to die hard detached from them. He addressed the Witches, saying,Speak to me, who neither beg, nor fearYour favours nor your hate.The Witches in turn replied,Thou shalt get Kings, though thou be none.The Witches directed well-nigh of their prophesies towards Macbeth and Banquo noticed how lost in thought his companion was because of this experience and remarked,Look how our partners rapt.When the Witches vanished, Banquo and Macbeth were astounded, wondering if what they had retributory witnessed was indeed real or just fantasy.When Banquo heard that M acbeth was to become Thane of Cawdor, in contrast to Macbeths excitement, he showed wariness and sensed that the Witches words energy be deceitful by telling Macbeth,And oftentimes, to win us to our harm,The instruments of darkness tell us truths,Win us with honest trifles, to betraysIn deepest consequence.Banquo is clear-sighted in his summary of the way of temptation. However, resisting the prophecies was a struggle, even for Banquo. He said to his son Fleance,Merciful powers,Restrain in me the cursed thoughts that natureGives way to in reposeBanquo was clearly disturbed by all the strange events that had taken place. He was afraid to sleep and the Witches words returned to him in his dreams when he did so.After King Duncan was murdered, Banquo became very suspicious of Macbeth and was becoming implicated about his destiny. He spoke of this to the Kings son Malcolm,In the great hand of God I stand, and thenceAgainst the undivulged pretence I campaignOf treasonous malice.However , I criticize Banquo because of his passivity when he says, soon afterwards,Thou hast it all now, King, Cawdor, Glamis, allAs the weird women promised, and I fearThou playdst most foully fortIt was obvious that Banquo guessed Macbeths involvement in Duncans death, yet he took no steps against Macbeth. I suspect this was because Banquo had ambition too, like Macbeth when he says,May they not be my oracles as well,And set me up in hope? But hush, no more.Macbeths prognostic had come true, so he hoped, perhaps it would all happen for him and he would father a line of Kings.Banquos inaction and suspicions of Macbeth attracted Macbethsattention as his soliloquy in round 3 denotes,Our fears in BanquoStick deep, and in his royalty of natureReigns that which would be feared.Then at the end of his soliloquy he really expresses his innermost thoughts by saying,Only for them, and mine eternal jewelGiven to the common enemy of man,To make them Kings, the seed of Banquo KingsThis showed that he was determined that no- one would interfere with his kingship. Macbeth saw Banquo as simply too strong and honourable a rival to be left alive. Here again, we see that Macbeth and Banquo were closely linked. They were both tragic and doomed with flaws within themselves.Macbeth became obsessed by irrational passions, then anger and fear took hold, resulting in Macbeth having Banquo murdered. Macbeth held a banquet to celebrate his kingship which Banquo had agreed to assure as chief guest. He was indeed chief guest, but only visible to Macbeth as a vestige, taunting him, driving him insane with guilt. Macbeth felt this ghost was real, but it was only an extension of the evil in Macbeths troubled mind. This hysterical reaction in Macbeths vision aroused the suspicions of the lords attending. All this behaviour exhibited Macbeth as totally deranged, however, it was Banquo who finally exposed Macbeths deceptiveness by appearing to him as an avenging angel and deeply highlighting Ma cbeths guilt.There were contrasts in Banquos character. He was honourable to the King, yet, he was pathetic, unable to act when his suspicions of Macbeths evil were obvious. There is also evidence of contrast between Macbeth and Banquo in Act 2. I, when neither of them can sleep. Banquo was tormented by the Witches predictions and Macbeth was driven by them. Banquo really wanted what the Witches predicted, but at the same time he wanted to assert a clear conscience. He also observed how Macbeth changed from a loyal warrior into a self-seeking tyrant, but with everything happening so hastily he might not have had the time to act upon his suspicions and maybe he thought about the fact that his suspicions may have been wrong. Banquo clearly displays signs of ambiguity throughout the play.

Letter of recom

He has been a student In the calculator networks and laboratory sessions In Computer networks and case tools and Network programming during the IT program at EWES college. I put one over worked with many students having essential knowledge In Information technology. Every year I notice that a few outstanding students offer a unique perspective and really embrace their learning of the subdue matter. Mr.. EX. has consistently shown such a strong desire in practical subjects to learn, that I simply garish not turn down his request for recommendation.At numerous occasions, he would contact me after the class and experiment to understand logics behind various programming. Also, he contributed astutely to class-room discussions that proved his intellectual might. He asked most smashing questions about the subject being discussed and explicated his ideas with effortless impromptu grace. During discussion of case studies, he was highly sound in applying the course material In analyzing the problem situations. He explained his views very concisely, clear and coaxing. He performed beloved leadership skills when Involved In sort out project.During several group case studies, he took charge of the team and he was aware of strengths and limitations of his team members and assigned task accordingly. He Is very well liked and prize by both peers and his professors. He continues to impress me with his knowledge, skill and dedication to his work. Im sure you will find him to be a student whose talents will only shine further through your graduate program. It is my sincere bank that you will accept his application to your university with financial assistance.Please feel free to contact me if you require further information. Yours truly, proof. BBC bespeak of Department, Information Technology, EWES college. Letter of recon By Cahill-Guava student in the Computer networks and laboratory sessions in Computer networks leave worked with many students having essential kn owledge in information discussion of case studies, he was highly hard-hitting in applying the course material in coaxing. He performed good leadership skills when involved in group project. During and limitations of his team members and assigned task accordingly.

My Last Duchess and Othello: Striking Comparisons

In the outstanding form, be it monologue, dialogue or full theatrical scene, the author can non step into the action to comment or interpret for us, as he can in a novel. We must draw our own conclusions from what we let out and hear, and this makes for agentful effects, as a character reveals him- or herself to us by what he or she says or does. In the monologue My travel Duchess Browning misleads us with great skill before we realize that we atomic number 18 listening to a criminal lunatic.The dramatic force lies in the surprise we feel as the impartiality fin all(prenominal)y emerges. In Act IV, scene iii of Othello in that respect is once again an agonizing irony for the viewer, who dos much than Desdemona and is of course impotent to help her. Shakespe ar works like a dentist without an anesthetic, and the pain for the audience derives from the insufferable innocence of the doomed Desdemona, who is surely something like the Duchess in Brownings poem, helpless and bewi ldered in the face of a murderous insanity in her keep up.Brownings Duke sounds so sane He is wondrous gracious and articulate Willt please you sit and look at her? (5). As he tells his story he seems to weigh his words with great caution, as if he is kinda free of the distorting power of provoke or any other passion, and is keen to avoid any unfairness in his conceit She had / A heart how shall I say? too soon made glad (21-2), but thanked / somehow I know non how as if she ranked (31-2). He never raises his voice, and speaks with a measured impudence that quite takes us in.At first we might be tempted to believe that his attitudes are reasonable Sir, twas not / her husbands presence only, called that spot / Of joy into the Duchess cheek (13-15). His manner is restrained even as he hints at her infidelity. The painter flattered her about her appearance, as of course he would, being a Renaissance operative totally dependent on patronage, but she was charmed by it fooli shly, the Duke suggests. She liked whateer / She looked on (23-24). She was rapturous by the beauty of the sunset, and the little tribute from the man who gave her the cherries, just as much as My raise at her breast (25).What he seems to be objecting to is her failure to be properly selective and aristocratic in her tastes. This is a so ir extreme sort of snobbery, but perhaps not unprecedented we may not find it attractive, but we may accept it as a feature of a proud man. In Brownings My eventually Duchess, the murder is implied. It is not described in explicit impairment as in Othello. In the lines, Paint/Must never hope to reproduce the faint /Half-flush that dies along her throat ,the speaker adores the faint half-flush on his wifes face that no paint could re-add and at the same(p) time leaves a slight hint that she had been throttled to deathdies along her throat.The intelligent monologue is enough to make the stagecoach overt and covert at the same time.All the time, B rowning is luring us up the garden path. We begin to notice the problem. The Duke is immensely proud, a man of great heritage, while she is free of snobbery, charmed by the delights of the world and tender-hearted kindness, and genuinely impoverished. (Infidelity does not now seem to be the Dukes concern.) Then we begin to see how his superbia is really pathological arrogance. Even had you skill / In speech (which I set out not) (35-36), (he lies, of course) to explain your expostulation to her behavior which is distinctly quite normal it would involve stooping, and I choose / Never to stoop (42-3).So, alternatively than speak to her about his dissatisfaction, which would involve impossible condescension by him, he chose to solve the problem rather much radically This grew I gave commands / Then all smiles stopped altogether (45-6). It takes a moment for us to register what he did, so unbelievable is it and so evasively phrased. ..She thanked men, soundly but thanked /So mehow.I know not how .as if she ranked /My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name /With anybodys gift,- the last part of the speech clearly brings forth the envy rankling in the speakers heartThe unbending pride of the Duke comes out through the turns of phrases of this part of this long monologue, .and if she let/Herself be less oned so, nor plainly set/Her wits to yours ,forsooth and made excuse,/-Een thusly would be some stooping and I choose/Never to stoop.The Duke can hardly chose to stoopto entrust in to the childish demeanors of his beautiful wife.Again, jealousy seems to be prevalent in the tone of these words ..Oh ,Sir, she smiled no doubt,/Wheneer I passed her but who passed without /Much the same smile?Then having confessed to murder, or, rather, boasted of it, he continues his negotiations for his next Duchess, celebrating, incidentally, one of his favorite art works, Neptune Taming a sea-horse (54-5), the truly image of the brutal control that he has himself exerted over his innocent last Duchess.The willow scene from Othello works differently, of course, because it is a dialogue, though it is the inner workings of Desdemonas beware that the dramatic form reveals here, just as much as is the case in Brownings poem There is an almost intolerable pathos about this scene because Desdemona is so helpless. She has a good idea of what is going to happen If I do die before thee, prithee shroud me / In one of those same sheets (24-5) and is impotent in the face of her fate.There seems to be no defence against the ruthless execution of Othellos enraged will. She is in a sort of trance, a hypnosis of shock. All she can do is wait for the end, and the unworthy simplicity of her reflections here is the sign of a wounded spirit in retreat from reality. The tragic asynchronous transfer mode is given additional poignancy by the occasional interruption of the everyday details of undressing for bed, the normal continuing because there is nothing else to do in the face of the worst Prithee unpin me (21).She continues at moments to realize that this is just an ordinary night This Lodovico is a proper man (35), not a comparison of Othello with her res publica forms, but a pathetic attempt at gossip. But her real thoughts emerge in the infantile fixation with the willow song, which she cannot resist. It is the perfect mirror of her own fortune And she died singing it that song tonight / Will not go from my mind (30-1). Like a detail from a psychoanalysts casebook comes the unprompted line in the song that gives away the deepest thoughts of the willing victim.Let nobody blame him, his scorn I approve, Nay, thats not next. Hark Whos that knocks?It is the wind. (51-3)She corrects herself, but the absolute terror of realisation goes through her. Compared with Desdemonas helplessness in the face of the corruption of Othello, Emilias jokes have an immensely remedial health. It is not a criticism of Desdemona, but it is a firm placing of t rust in the human by Shakespeare.In Shakespeares Othello,the Moor can hardly be blamed for his rash decision of murdering Desdemona, who had been black-painted by his honest Iago and it was Iago again who had sown the seeds of jealousy in his mind. Desdemona pleaded her innocence at last and asked to call for Cassius but Othello ran berserk angered by sexual jealousy.Othello could hardly be blamed for the attitude, as he was a Moor and unknown with the ways and manners of the Venetian Republic. Naturally, he fell victim to Iagos insinuations and committed the murder of hi beautiful wife, Desdemona, who was actually, innocence incarnate.In Act IV, sc ii, Othello in reply to Desdemonas pleading innocence sickeningly cried out, O Desdemona, away away awayDesdemona , being totally unaware of the handkerchief she lost attempt to reason with her husband, Am I the motive of these tears my Lord?It might have been possible that Othello could have turned deaf ears to Iagos vitriolic commen ts or aspersions cast on Desdemona, but as he was new to their society and culture, it became easy for Iago to prison him against his wife, a paragon of beauty.By way of rejoinder , when Othello speaks out, Had it pleased nirvana/To try me with affliction had they rained/All kinds of sores and shame on my bare head/Steeped me in poverty to the very lips/Given to captivity me and my utmost hopes/I should have found in some place of my somebody/A drop of patience.and at last turns to the question of complexion , Turn thy complexion thee.. Ay there look as grim as hell, we find Othello a dejected, frustrated ,lost soul mite small for being a Black Moor who was lien to the Venetian culture Question of finish and Identity assails him, no doubtOthello decided to put an end to the life of his unfaithful wife at last and as he uttered the words in Act V, Sc ii, and, Ill not shed her blood/Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow/And smooth as monumental alabaster/Yet she must die,els e shell betray more men,Did he not sound the same as the Duke of My Last Duchess who had been driven mad by sexual jealousy? The murder could not be justified, but , Othello was quite a do itr and a compassionate person than the Duke. He needed evidence to prove Desdemonas betrayal, he had to fight immensely with his own conscience to come to the decision of murder.As a person, Duke was cold-blooded, but Othello was frantic and irrational at he same time. If this had not been so, I will kill thee,/ And love thee after.One more and this the last./So sweet was neer so fatal. I must weep/ But they are cruel tears this sorrows ethereal /IT STRIKES WHERE IT DOTH LOVE,could he utter such words? The Duke of My Last Duchess was never so overpowered with emotions to give vent to his pent-up goodness. Did he have any goodness, if at all?In Act V, sc i, Othello is making his mind up to vent his rage upon Desdemona. Here he again finds enough reason to slaughter Desdemona. On hearing the fo otsteps of Cassius, he blurt forth, Tis he-O persist Iago, honest and justminion your dear lies dead/and your unblest fate hies, strumpet I comeTill Lines 31 of Act V Sc ii, we find Othello raves and rails on the murder of Desdemona. Othello seemed to give a mishap to Desdemona to prove her innocence by saying, If you bethink yourself of any crime/Unreconciled as yet heaven and grace /Solicit for it straight.But he meant the murder and perpetrated it In Act III ,Sc iii, when Othello grows blind in rage provoked by honest Iagos words, he finds every reason to kill inconstant Desdemona and utters, Monstrous , monstrousOn hearing Cassios dream-mutterings on his secret affair with Desdemona, Othello got green with anger and envy and saw betrayal from the cruelest possible angle.He found terrible monstrosity in it, profound mendacity in the whole episode, running on the sly.When Emilia came after the murder talking of Desdemonas profound love for her husband ,Othello could not keep hi s cool, he blurted, O cursed slave/Whip me ye devils/From the possession of this heavenly sight/Blow me about in the winds, roast me in sulphur/Wash me in steep-down gulfs of limpid fireO Desdemona, Desdemona, DEADAct V, Scii Could we ever expect the Duke speaking in such touchy, sentimental terms after committing the murder?No, neverWorks Cited1.Shakespeare, WilliamOthello, Arden, London, 1974.2.Young, W.T.Brownings poems,Macmillan, London, 1975.